Department of Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
J Gen Physiol. 2010 Feb;135(2):149-67. doi: 10.1085/jgp.200910324.
Many physiological and synthetic agents act by occluding the ion conduction pore of ion channels. A hallmark of charged blockers is that their apparent affinity for the pore usually varies with membrane voltage. Two models have been proposed to explain this voltage sensitivity. One model assumes that the charged blocker itself directly senses the transmembrane electric field, i.e., that blocker binding is intrinsically voltage dependent. In the alternative model, the blocker does not directly interact with the electric field; instead, blocker binding acquires voltage dependence solely through the concurrent movement of permeant ions across the field. This latter model may better explain voltage dependence of channel block by large organic compounds that are too bulky to fit into the narrow (usually ion-selective) part of the pore where the electric field is steep. To date, no systematic investigation has been performed to distinguish between these voltage-dependent mechanisms of channel block. The most fundamental characteristic of the extrinsic mechanism, i.e., that block can be rendered voltage independent, remains to be established and formally analyzed for the case of organic blockers. Here, we observe that the voltage dependence of block of a cyclic nucleotide-gated channel by a series of intracellular quaternary ammonium blockers, which are too bulky to traverse the narrow ion selectivity filter, gradually vanishes with extreme depolarization, a predicted feature of the extrinsic voltage dependence model. In contrast, the voltage dependence of block by an amine blocker, which has a smaller "diameter" and can therefore penetrate into the selectivity filter, follows a Boltzmann function, a predicted feature of the intrinsic voltage dependence model. Additionally, a blocker generates (at least) two blocked states, which, if related serially, may preclude meaningful application of a commonly used approach for investigating channel gating, namely, inferring the properties of the activation gate from the kinetics of channel block.
许多生理和合成试剂通过阻塞离子通道的离子传导孔起作用。带电荷的阻断剂的一个特点是,它们对孔的表观亲和力通常随膜电压而变化。已经提出了两种模型来解释这种电压敏感性。一种模型假设带电荷的阻断剂本身直接感知跨膜电场,即,阻断剂结合本质上是电压依赖性的。在替代模型中,阻断剂不直接与电场相互作用;相反,仅通过可渗透离子在电场中的同时运动,阻断剂结合获得电压依赖性。对于太大而无法适合电场陡峭的狭窄(通常是离子选择性)部分的大有机化合物,后一种模型可能更好地解释通道阻断的电压依赖性。迄今为止,尚未进行系统的研究来区分这些电压依赖性的通道阻断机制。外源性机制的最基本特征,即阻断可以变得与电压无关,对于有机阻断剂仍然需要建立并进行正式分析。在这里,我们观察到一系列细胞内季铵阻断剂对环核苷酸门控通道的阻断的电压依赖性随着极度去极化而逐渐消失,这是外源性电压依赖性模型的预测特征。相比之下,阻断由胺阻断剂引起的电压依赖性遵循波尔兹曼函数,这是内源性电压依赖性模型的预测特征。此外,阻断剂产生(至少)两个阻断状态,如果串联相关,则可能排除用于研究通道门控的常用方法的有意义应用,即,从通道阻断的动力学推断激活门的性质。