Characterization of the varicella-zoster virus ORF50 gene, which encodes glycoprotein M.

The ORF50 gene of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) encodes glycoprotein M (gM), which is conserved among all herpesviruses and is important for the cell-to-cell spread of VZV. However, few analyses of ORF50 gene expression or its posttranscriptional and translational modifications have been published. Here we found that in VZV-infected cells, ORF50 encoded four transcripts: a full-size transcript, which was translated into the gM, and three alternatively spliced transcripts, which were not translated. Using a splicing-negative mutant virus, we showed that the alternative transcripts were nonessential for viral growth in cell culture. In addition, we found that two amino acid mutations of gM, V42P and G301M, blocked gM's maturation and transport to the trans-Golgi network, which is generally recognized as the viral assembly complex. We also found that the mutations disrupted gM's interaction with glycoprotein N (gN), revealing their interaction through a bond that is otherwise unreported for herpesviruses. Using this gM maturation-negative virus, we found that immature gM and gN were incorporated into intracellularly isolated virus particles and that mature gM was required for efficient viral growth via cell-to-cell spread but not for virion morphogenesis. The virus particles were more abundant at the abnormally enlarged perinuclear cisternae than those of the parental virus, but they were also found at the cell surface and in the culture medium. Additionally, in the gM maturation-negative mutant virus-infected melanoma cells, typical syncytium formation was rarely seen, again indicating that mature gM functions in cell-to-cell spread via enhancement of syncytium formation.