Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari e Microbiologiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, Milan, Italy.
Microb Ecol. 2010 Jul;60(1):1-14. doi: 10.1007/s00248-009-9633-6. Epub 2010 Jan 30.
The study was conducted on alterations found on stone artwork and integrates microbial control and a biotechnological method for the removal of undesirable chemical substances. The Demetra and Cronos sculptures are two of 12 stone statues decorating the courtyard of the Buonconsiglio Castle in Trento (Italy). An initial inspection of the statues revealed putative black crusts and highlighted the microbial contamination causing discoloration. In 2006, the Cultural Heritage Superintendence of Trento commissioned us to study and remove these chemical and biological stains. Stereomicroscopy characterised the stone of the sculptures as oolitic limestone, and infrared analyses confirmed the presence of black crusts. To remove the black crusts, we applied a remediation treatment of sulphate-reducing bacteria, which removes the chemical alteration but preserves the original stone and the patina noble. Using traditional and biomolecular methods, we studied the putative microbial contamination and confirmed the presence of biodeteriogens and chose biocide Biotin N for the removal of the agents causing the discolouration. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis fluorescent in situ hybridisation established that Cyanobacteria and green algae genera were responsible for the green staining whereas the black microbial contamination was due to dematiaceous fungi. After the biocide Biotin N treatment, we applied molecular methods and demonstrated that the Cyanobacteria, and most of the green algae and dematiaceous fungi, had been efficiently removed. The reported case study reveals that conservators can benefit from an integrated biotechnological approach aimed at the biocleaning of chemical alterations and the abatement of biodeteriogens.
该研究针对石刻艺术品上的变化展开，整合了微生物控制和生物技术方法，用于去除不良的化学物质。Demetra 和 Cronos 雕塑是装饰特伦托布翁孔森蒂奥城堡庭院的 12 座石雕中的两座。对雕像的初步检查显示出假定的黑色外壳，并突出了导致变色的微生物污染。2006 年，特伦托文化遗产监督局委托我们研究并去除这些化学和生物污渍。立体显微镜将雕塑的石材特征化为鲕粒石灰岩，红外分析证实了黑色外壳的存在。为了去除黑色外壳，我们应用了硫酸盐还原菌的修复处理，该处理去除了化学变化，但保留了原始石材和高贵的风化层。我们使用传统和生物分子方法研究了假定的微生物污染，并证实了生物降解剂的存在，并选择了生物杀灭剂 Biotin N 来去除导致变色的剂。变性梯度凝胶电泳荧光原位杂交表明，蓝藻和绿藻属负责绿色染色，而黑色微生物污染则归因于暗色真菌。在 Biotin N 生物杀灭剂处理后，我们应用了分子方法，并证明 Cyanobacteria 和大多数绿藻和暗色真菌已被有效去除。该案例研究表明，保护者可以受益于一种综合的生物技术方法，旨在进行生物清洁以去除化学变化和减轻生物降解剂的影响。
