BASF Plant Science, LLC, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2010 May;27(5):591-607. doi: 10.1080/19440040903456337.
Fusarium ear rot, caused by Fusarium verticillioides, is one of the most common diseases of maize, causing yield and quality reductions and contamination of grain by fumonisins and other mycotoxins. Drought stress and various insects have been implicated as factors affecting disease severity. Field studies were conducted to evaluate the interactions and relative influences of drought stress, insect infestation, and planting date upon Fusarium ear rot severity and fumonisin B1 contamination. Three hybrids varying in partial resistance to Fusarium ear rot were sown on three planting dates and subjected to four irrigation regimes to induce differing levels of drought stress. A foliar-spray insecticide treatment was imposed to induce differing levels of insect injury. Populations of thrips (Frankliniella spp.), damage by corn earworm (Helicoverpa zeae), Fusarium ear rot symptoms, and fumonisin B1 levels were assessed. There were significant effects of hybrid, planting date, insecticide treatment, and drought stress on Fusarium ear rot symptoms and fumonisin B1 contamination, and these factors also had significant interacting effects. The most influential factors were hybrid and insecticide treatment, but their effects were influenced by planting date and drought stress. The more resistant hybrids and the insecticide-treated plots consistently had lower Fusarium ear rot severity and fumonisin B1 contamination. Later planting dates typically had higher thrips populations, more Fusarium ear rot, and higher levels of fumonisin B1. Insect activity was significantly correlated with disease severity and fumonisin contamination, and the correlations were strongest for thrips. The results of this study confirm the influence of thrips on Fusarium ear rot severity in California, USA, and also establish a strong association between thrips and fumonisin B1 levels.
镰刀菌穗腐病，由串珠镰刀菌引起，是玉米最常见的疾病之一，会导致产量和质量下降，并使谷物受到伏马菌素和其他霉菌毒素的污染。干旱胁迫和各种昆虫已被认为是影响疾病严重程度的因素。进行了田间研究，以评估干旱胁迫、昆虫侵染和种植日期对镰刀菌穗腐病严重程度和伏马菌素 B1 污染的相互作用和相对影响。三个杂种对镰刀菌穗腐病具有不同程度的部分抗性，在三个种植日期播种，并采用四种灌溉制度来诱导不同程度的干旱胁迫。采用叶面喷雾杀虫剂处理来诱导不同程度的昆虫损伤。评估了蓟马（Frankliniella spp.）种群、玉米螟（Helicoverpa zeae）的损害、镰刀菌穗腐病症状和伏马菌素 B1 水平。杂种、种植日期、杀虫剂处理和干旱胁迫对镰刀菌穗腐病症状和伏马菌素 B1 污染有显著影响，这些因素也有显著的相互作用。最具影响力的因素是杂种和杀虫剂处理，但它们的影响受到种植日期和干旱胁迫的影响。抗性较强的杂种和经过杀虫剂处理的地块，镰刀菌穗腐病严重程度和伏马菌素 B1 污染始终较低。较晚的种植日期通常会导致蓟马种群较高、镰刀菌穗腐病较多和伏马菌素 B1 水平较高。昆虫活动与疾病严重程度和伏马菌素污染显著相关，且与蓟马的相关性最强。本研究结果证实了在美国加利福尼亚州，蓟马对镰刀菌穗腐病严重程度的影响，还确立了蓟马与伏马菌素 B1 水平之间的强烈关联。
