Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Contact Dermatitis. 2010 Jan;62(1):2-17. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01615.x.
In this part of a series of review articles on formaldehyde-releasers and their relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy, formaldehyde-releasers in cosmetics are discussed. In this first part of the article, key data are presented including frequency of sensitization and of their use in cosmetics. In Europe, low frequencies of sensitization have been observed to all releasers: 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol 0.4-1.2%, diazolidinyl urea 0.5-1.4%, imidazolidinyl urea 0.3-1.4%, quaternium-15 0.6-1.9% (for DMDM hydantoin no recent data are available). All releasers score (far) higher prevalences in the USA; the possible explanations for this are discussed. The relevance of positive patch test reactions has been insufficiently investigated. In the USA, approximately 20% of cosmetics and personal care products (stay-on products: 17%, rinse-off products 27%) contain a formaldehyde-releaser. The use of quaternium-15 is decreasing. For Europe, there are no comparable recent data available. In the second part of the article, the patch test relationship of the releasers in cosmetics to formaldehyde contact allergy will be reviewed and it will be assessed whether products preserved with formaldehyde-releasers may contain enough free formaldehyde to pose a threat to individuals who have contact allergy to formaldehyde.
在这一系列关于甲醛释放剂及其与甲醛接触过敏关系的综述文章的这一部分中，讨论了化妆品中的甲醛释放剂。在本文的第一部分中，提出了包括致敏频率及其在化妆品中的使用频率等关键数据。在欧洲，所有释放剂的致敏频率都较低：2-溴-2-硝基丙烷-1,3-二醇 0.4-1.2%、二羟甲基二脲 0.5-1.4%、咪唑烷基脲 0.3-1.4%、季铵盐-15 0.6-1.9%（对于 DMDM 乙内酰脲，目前尚无最新数据）。所有释放剂在美国的流行率（远远）更高；对此可能的解释进行了讨论。阳性斑贴试验反应的相关性研究不足。在美国，大约 20%的化妆品和个人护理产品（停留产品：17%，冲洗产品 27%）含有甲醛释放剂。季铵盐-15 的使用正在减少。对于欧洲，目前尚无可比的最新数据。在本文的第二部分中，将回顾化妆品中释放剂与甲醛接触过敏的斑贴试验关系，并评估使用甲醛释放剂保存的产品是否可能含有足够的游离甲醛，从而对接触甲醛过敏的个体构成威胁。
