King's College London, Department of Craniofacial Development, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London SE1 9RT, UK.
Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2010 May;21(3):325-32. doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022. Epub 2010 Feb 8.
The pharyngeal arches form the face and neck of the developing embryo. The pharyngeal tissue is divided into distinct arches by the formation of clefts and pouches in between the arches. These clefts and pouches form at the juxtaposition between the ectoderm and endoderm and develop into a variety of essential structures, such as the ear drum, and glands such as the thymus and parathyroids. How these pouches and clefts between the arches form and what structures they develop into is the subject of this review. Differences in pouch derivatives are described in different animals and the evolution of these structures are investigated. The implications of defects in pouch and cleft development on human health are also discussed.
咽弓形成胚胎面部和颈部。咽组织通过在弓之间的裂隙和囊之间的形成而被分为不同的弓。这些裂隙和囊在外胚层和内胚层的并置处形成，并发育成各种重要的结构，如鼓膜和腺体，如胸腺和甲状旁腺。这些弓之间的囊和裂隙如何形成以及它们发育成什么结构是本综述的主题。不同动物的囊衍生物差异被描述，并且这些结构的进化被研究。囊和裂隙发育缺陷对人类健康的影响也被讨论。
