Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA.
Inhal Toxicol. 2010 Feb;22(3):253-65. doi: 10.3109/08958370903148114.
An irradiation chamber designed for reproducible generation of inhalation test atmospheres of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) was used to evaluate cardiopulmonary responses in rodents exposed to SOA derived from the oxidation of alpha-pinene. SOA atmospheres were produced with 10:1 ratios of alpha-pinene:nitrogen oxides (NO(x)) and 10:1:1 ratios of alpha-pinene:nitrogen oxides:sulfur dioxide (SO(2)). SOA atmospheres were produced to yield 200 microg m(-3) of particulate matter (PM). Exposures were conducted downstream of honeycomb denuders employed to remove the gas-phase precursors and reaction products. Nose-only exposures were conducted with both rats (pulmonary effects) and mice (pulmonary and cardiovascular effects). Composition of the atmospheres was optimized to ensure that the SOA generated resembled SOA observed in previous irradiation studies, and contained specific SOA compounds of interest (e.g., organosulfates) identified in ambient air. Pulmonary and cardiovascular toxicity were measured in two different rodent species. In situ chemiluminescence and thiobarbituric acid- reactive substances (TBARS) were used to evaluate oxidative reactions in the F344 rats. ApoE(-/-) mice were exposed for 7 days and measurements of TBARS and gene expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), endothelin-1 (ET-1), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were made in aorta. Pulmonary inflammatory responses in both species were measured by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cell counts. No pulmonary inflammation was observed in either species. A mild response was observed in mouse aorta for the upregulation of HO-1 and MMP-9, but was not seen for ET-1. Overall, alpha-pinene-derived SOA, including SOA that included organosulfate compounds, revealed limited biological response after short-term inhalation exposures.
采用可重现生成二次有机气溶胶（SOA）吸入测试气氛的辐照室，评估了用α-蒎烯氧化生成的 SOA 暴露于啮齿动物的心肺反应。SOA 气氛的生成比例为α-蒎烯与氮氧化物（NOx）为 10:1，α-蒎烯与氮氧化物和二氧化硫（SO2）为 10:1:1。SOA 气氛的生成量为 200μg/m3 的颗粒物（PM）。暴露在使用蜂窝状除气剂去除气相前体和反应产物的下游。进行了大鼠（肺部影响）和小鼠（肺部和心血管影响）的口鼻暴露。优化了气氛的组成，以确保生成的 SOA 与之前的辐照研究中观察到的 SOA 相似，并包含在环境空气中鉴定出的特定 SOA 化合物（例如，有机硫酸盐）。在两种不同的啮齿动物物种中测量了肺部和心血管毒性。使用原位化学发光和硫代巴比妥酸反应物质（TBARS）来评估 F344 大鼠中的氧化反应。ApoE（-/-）小鼠暴露 7 天，并测量 TBARS 和血红素加氧酶-1（HO-1）、内皮素-1（ET-1）、基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）的基因表达。两种物种的肺部炎症反应均通过支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）细胞计数进行测量。两种物种均未观察到肺部炎症。在小鼠主动脉中观察到 HO-1 和 MMP-9 的上调，但未观察到 ET-1。总体而言，α-蒎烯衍生的 SOA，包括含有有机硫酸盐化合物的 SOA，在短期吸入暴露后显示出有限的生物学反应。
