Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Département Hommes Natures Sociétés, 36 rue Geoffroy St-Hilaire, 75005 Paris, France.
Conserv Biol. 2010 Aug;24(4):966-73. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01437.x. Epub 2010 Feb 11.
The conservation of biodiversity poses an exceptionally difficult problem in that it needs to be effective in a context of double uncertainty: scientific (i.e., how to conserve biodiversity) and normative (i.e., which biodiversity to conserve and why). Although adaptive management offers a promising approach to overcome scientific uncertainty, normative uncertainty is seldom tackled by conservation science. We expanded on the approach proposed by adaptive-management theorists by devising an integrative and iterative approach to conservation that encompasses both types of uncertainty. Inspired by environmental pragmatism, we suggest that moral values at stake in biodiversity conservation are plastic and that a plurality of individual normative positions can coexist and evolve. Moral values should thus be explored through an experimental process as additional parameters to be incorporated in the traditional adaptive-management approach. As such, moral values should also be monitored by environmental ethicists working side by side with scientists and managers on conservation projects. Acknowledging the diversity of moral values and integrating them in a process of collective deliberation will help overcome the normative uncertainty. We used Dewey's distinction between adaptation and adjustment to offer a new paradigm built around what we call adjustive management, which reflects both the uncertainty and the likely evolution of the moral values humans attribute to biodiversity. We illustrate how this paradigm relates to practical conservation decisions by exploring the case of the Sacred Ibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus), an alien species in France that is the target of an eradication plan undertaken with little regard for moral issues. We propose that a more satisfying result of efforts to control Sacred Ibis could have been reached by rerouting the traditional feedback loop of adaptive management to include a normative inquiry. This adjustive management approach now needs to be tested in real-case conservation programs.
生物多样性保护提出了一个特别困难的问题，因为它需要在双重不确定性的背景下有效：科学上的不确定性（即如何保护生物多样性）和规范上的不确定性（即保护哪种生物多样性以及为什么保护）。尽管适应性管理为克服科学不确定性提供了一种很有前途的方法，但规范不确定性很少被保护科学所解决。我们通过设计一种包含这两种不确定性的综合和迭代保护方法，扩展了适应性管理理论家提出的方法。受环境实用主义的启发，我们认为生物多样性保护中所涉及的道德价值观是可塑的，多种个人规范立场可以共存和演变。因此，应该通过实验过程来探索道德价值观，将其作为要纳入传统适应性管理方法的附加参数。因此，道德价值观也应该由从事保护项目的环境伦理学家与科学家和管理者一起监测。承认道德价值观的多样性并将其纳入集体审议过程将有助于克服规范不确定性。我们利用杜威对适应和调整的区分，提供了一个围绕我们所谓的调整管理的新范式，它反映了道德价值观的不确定性及其可能的演变，人类将这些价值观归因于生物多样性。我们通过探讨法国的神圣朱鹭（Threskiornis aethiopicus）案例，探索了调整管理范式与实际保护决策的关系，神圣朱鹭是法国的一种外来物种，它的根除计划几乎没有考虑到道德问题。我们提出，通过将适应性管理的传统反馈循环重新引导到包括规范性探究中，可以实现对神圣朱鹭控制工作更令人满意的结果。这种调整管理方法现在需要在实际保护计划中进行测试。
