Department of Surgery/Urology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
Mol Aspects Med. 2010 Apr;31(2):205-14. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2010.02.001. Epub 2010 Feb 11.
Anoikis is a mode of apoptotic cell death, consequential to insufficient cell-matrix interactions and a critical player in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. The events involved in tumor cell progression toward metastasis potential are mediated by integrins, which upon engagement with components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), reorganize to form adhesion complexes. Targeting apoptotic players is of immense therapeutic significance since resistance to apoptosis is not only critical in conferring therapeutic failure to standard treatment strategies, but anoikis (apoptosis upon loss of anchorage and detachment from ECM) also plays an important role in angiogenesis and metastasis. The ability to survive in the absence of adhesion to the ECM, enables tumor cells to disseminate from the primary tumor site, invade a distant site and establish a metastatic lesion. Tumor cells can escape from detachment-induced apoptosis by controlling anoikis pathways, including the extrinsic death receptor pathway and the ECM-integrin mediated cell survival pathway. Considering the functional promiscuity of individual signaling effectors, it is critical to dissect the molecular networks mechanistically driving tumor cells to evade anoikis and embark on a metastatic spread. Resistance to die via anoikis dictates tumor cell survival and provides a molecular basis for therapeutic targeting of metastatic prostate cancer. Further dissection of critical anoikis signaling events will enable the therapeutic optimization of anoikis targeting to impair prostate cancer metastasis prior to its initiation. This review will discuss the molecular understanding of anoikis regulation in the tumor microenvironment and the in vivo pharmacological implementation of a novel class of antitumor-drugs to optimize apoptotic-based therapeutic targeting, bypassing anoikis-resistance to impair prostate cancer progression to metastasis. Potential combination strategies targeting tumor vascularity (via anoikis) and impairing tumor initiation (via "classic" apoptosis), provide strong therapeutic promise for metastatic prostate cancer by preventing the onset of metastasis.
失巢凋亡是一种细胞凋亡的方式,是由于细胞与基质的相互作用不足引起的,是肿瘤血管生成和转移的关键因素。肿瘤细胞向转移潜能进展所涉及的事件是由整合素介导的,整合素与细胞外基质(ECM)的成分结合后,重新排列形成黏附复合物。针对凋亡因子进行靶向治疗具有重要的治疗意义,因为对凋亡的抵抗不仅对赋予标准治疗策略的治疗失败至关重要,而且失巢凋亡(失去锚定和与 ECM 分离时的凋亡)在血管生成和转移中也起着重要作用。在缺乏与 ECM 黏附的情况下存活的能力使肿瘤细胞能够从原发性肿瘤部位扩散,侵袭远处部位并建立转移病灶。肿瘤细胞可以通过控制失巢凋亡途径来逃避脱落诱导的凋亡,包括外源性死亡受体途径和 ECM-整合素介导的细胞存活途径。考虑到单个信号转导效应器的功能混杂性,从机制上剖析驱动肿瘤细胞逃避失巢凋亡并开始转移扩散的分子网络至关重要。通过失巢凋亡抵抗死亡决定了肿瘤细胞的存活,并为治疗转移性前列腺癌的靶向提供了分子基础。进一步剖析关键的失巢凋亡信号事件将能够优化针对失巢凋亡的治疗靶向,在其起始之前损害前列腺癌转移。这篇综述将讨论肿瘤微环境中失巢凋亡调节的分子理解,以及新型抗肿瘤药物的体内药理学实施,以优化基于凋亡的治疗靶向,绕过失巢凋亡抵抗,损害前列腺癌向转移的进展。通过失巢凋亡(通过失巢凋亡)和损害肿瘤起始(通过“经典”凋亡)靶向肿瘤血管生成的潜在联合策略,为转移性前列腺癌提供了强大的治疗前景,防止了转移的发生。