University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
Behav Res Methods. 2010 Feb;42(1):23-8. doi: 10.3758/BRM.42.1.23.
When participants are asked to respond in the same way to several stimulus identities, responses are often observed to be faster if two stimuli are presented simultaneously as opposed to when a single stimulus is presented (redundant signals effect; Miller, 1982). An important issue of such experiments is whether the observed redundancy gains can be explained by parallel processing of the two stimuli in a race-like fashion. To test the parallel processing model, Miller derived the well-known race model inequality which has become a routine test for behavioral data in experiments with redundant signals. Several statistical procedures have been used for testing the race model inequality. However, the commonly employed procedure does not control the Type I error. In this article a permutation test is described that keeps the Type I error at the desired level. Simulations show that the power of the test is reasonable even for small samples. The scripts discussed in this article may be downloaded as supplemental materials from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.
当参与者被要求以相同的方式对几个刺激身份做出反应时，如果同时呈现两个刺激，而不是呈现单个刺激，那么反应通常会更快（冗余信号效应；Miller，1982）。这类实验的一个重要问题是，观察到的冗余增益是否可以通过类似于竞赛的方式对两个刺激进行并行处理来解释。为了检验并行处理模型，米勒推导出了著名的竞赛模型不等式，该不等式已成为冗余信号实验中行为数据的常规检验。已经使用了几种统计程序来检验竞赛模型不等式。然而，常用的程序并不能控制第一类错误。本文描述了一种置换检验，它可以将第一类错误保持在所需的水平。模拟结果表明，即使对于小样本，该检验的功效也是合理的。本文讨论的脚本可以从 http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental 作为补充材料下载。
