Campbell J I
University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
Mem Cognit. 1991 Mar;19(2):197-209. doi: 10.3758/bf03197119.
Analysis of errors in simple multiplication has shown that answers retrieved on previous trials are initially inhibited (negative error priming) but later are promoted as errors to subsequent problems (positive error priming). Two experiments investigated whether error priming is associated either with problem-specific retrieval processes or with representations of answers that can be manipulated independently of problems. In Experiment 1, answers were primed by visually presenting products for 200 msec prior to problems. Correct-answer primes facilitated retrieval, related-incorrect primes interfered with retrieval more than unrelated primes, and both effects were greater for more difficult problems. Primes affected only the trial on which they were presented, however, whereas both negative and positive error priming from previous problems were observed across trials. In Experiment 2, subjects named and retrieved multiplication products on alternating trials. Just-named products were inhibited as errors to the following multiplication problem (i.e., negative error priming), but, compared to positive priming from previous retrieved products, positive error priming from previously named numbers was weak. The results indicate that positive error priming is due mainly to an encoding or retrieval bias produced by previous problems, whereas negative error priming entails suppression, or de-selection, of answer representations.
对简单乘法错误的分析表明，在先前试验中检索到的答案最初会受到抑制（负错误启动），但随后会作为后续问题的错误而得到促进（正错误启动）。两项实验研究了错误启动是与特定问题的检索过程相关，还是与可以独立于问题进行操作的答案表征相关。在实验1中，通过在呈现问题之前200毫秒视觉呈现乘积来启动答案。正确答案启动促进了检索，相关错误启动比不相关启动对检索的干扰更大，并且对于更难的问题，这两种效应都更大。然而，启动只影响它们所呈现的试验，而在各试验中都观察到了来自先前问题的负错误启动和正错误启动。在实验2中，受试者在交替试验中命名并检索乘法乘积。刚刚命名的乘积作为对下一个乘法问题的错误而受到抑制（即负错误启动），但是，与先前检索到的乘积的正启动相比，先前命名数字的正错误启动较弱。结果表明，正错误启动主要是由于先前问题产生的编码或检索偏差，而负错误启动需要抑制或取消选择答案表征。
