Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Cleveland, Queensland 4163, Australia.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Oct 26;107(43):18256-61. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0908012107. Epub 2010 Feb 22.
Decadal-scale observations of marine reserves suggest that indirect effects on taxa that occur through cascading trophic interactions take longer to develop than direct effects on target species. Combining and analyzing a unique set of long-term time series of ecologic data in and out of fisheries closures from disparate regions, we found that the time to initial detection of direct effects on target species (±SE) was 5.13 ± 1.9 years, whereas initial detection of indirect effects on other taxa, which were often trait mediated, took significantly longer (13.1 ± 2.0 years). Most target species showed initial direct effects, but their trajectories over time were highly variable. Many target species continued to increase, some leveled off, and others decreased. Decreases were due to natural fluctuations, fishing impacts from outside reserves, or indirect effects from target species at higher trophic levels. The average duration of stable periods for direct effects was 6.2 ± 1.2 years, even in studies of more than 15 years. For indirect effects, stable periods averaged 9.1 ± 1.6 years, although this was not significantly different from direct effects. Populations of directly targeted species were more stable in reserves than in fished areas, suggesting increased ecologic resilience. This is an important benefit of marine reserves with respect to their function as a tool for conservation and restoration.
十年尺度的海洋保护区观测表明，通过级联营养相互作用对非目标物种产生的间接效应的发展速度比直接作用于目标物种的效应要慢。我们结合并分析了一组来自不同地区的独特的长期生态数据的时间序列，这些数据涉及渔业关闭前后的情况，结果发现，直接作用于目标物种的初始效应的检测时间（±SE）为 5.13 ± 1.9 年，而间接效应在其他通常受特征介导的物种上的初始检测时间则明显更长（13.1 ± 2.0 年）。大多数目标物种表现出初始的直接效应，但它们随时间的轨迹变化很大。许多目标物种继续增加，有些则趋于平稳，而有些则减少。减少的原因是自然波动、保护区外的捕捞影响，或更高营养级别的目标物种的间接影响。直接效应稳定期的平均持续时间为 6.2 ± 1.2 年，即使是在研究时间超过 15 年的情况下也是如此。间接效应的稳定期平均为 9.1 ± 1.6 年，尽管与直接效应没有显著差异。在保护区内，直接目标物种的种群比在捕捞区更稳定，这表明生态恢复力增强。这是海洋保护区作为保护和恢复工具的一个重要功能优势。
