Kieć-Swierczyńska Marta, Krecisz Beata, Chomiczewska Dorota
Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. J. Nofera, Łódź Ośrodek Alergii Zawodowej i Zdrowia Srodowiskowego, Pracownia Dermatologii.
Med Pr. 2009;60(6):459-67.
Occupational contact dermatitis is a significant health problem in hairdressers. The number of occupational skin diseases in this group constantly increases. The most frequent factors contributing to the skin damage include water, shampoos, detergents, conditioners, hair dyes, bleaches, permanent wave solutions, and components of gloves.
A group of 121 hairdressers (106 women and 6 men) was selected from 4523 patients (2996 women and 1527 men) referred to the Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, in 1995-2008, with suspected occupational skin disease. All hairdressers underwent dermatological examination and allergy tests (patch tests with allergens of the European Standard Series and Hairdressing Series, Chemotechnique Diagnostics, Sweden; skin prick tests, Allergopharma, Germany).
Females were more prevalent than males and constituted 94.6% of the study group. Of all the study participants, 30% were trainee hairdressers. At least one positive patch test reaction was found in 69.7% of patients whereas in 30.3% patch tests were negative. The most frequent contact allergens were: nickel sulfate (40% of females), p-phenylenediamine (one fourth of the study group), ammonium persulfate (23.2%), cobalt chloride (21.4%), 2,5-diaminotoluene sulfate (9.8%), formaldehyde (9.8%), ammonium thioglycolate (7.1%), and glyceryl monothioglycolate (7.1%). Moreover, we found positive patch test reactions to thimerosal (14.3%), palladium chloride (11.6%), potassium dichromate (5.3%) and fragrance mix (4.5%). Altogether, occupational origin of skin disease was confirmed in 46.4% of hairdressers with allergic contact dermatitis, in 48.2% of those diagnosed with irritant contact dermatitis and in 0.9% of hairdressers suffering from urticaria. 71% of trainee hairdressers were finally diagnosed with allergic contact dermatitis, caused first of all by ammonium persulfate, p-phenylenediamine, nickel and thimerosal. In conclusion, it seems to be indispensable to implement health education program during vocational training of hairdressers and to promote specific preventive measures in this occupational group.
职业性接触性皮炎是美发师面临的一个重大健康问题。该群体中职业性皮肤病的数量持续增加。导致皮肤损伤的最常见因素包括水、洗发水、洗涤剂、护发素、染发剂、漂白剂、烫发液以及手套的成分。
从1995年至2008年转诊至罗兹诺费职业医学研究所的4523例疑似职业性皮肤病患者（2996名女性和1527名男性）中选取了121名美发师（106名女性和6名男性）。所有美发师均接受了皮肤科检查和过敏测试（使用瑞典Chemotechnique Diagnostics公司的欧洲标准系列和美发系列过敏原进行斑贴试验；德国Allergopharma公司的皮肤点刺试验）。
女性比男性更为普遍，占研究组的94.6%。在所有研究参与者中，30%是实习美发师。69.7%的患者至少有一次斑贴试验阳性反应，而30.3%的斑贴试验为阴性。最常见的接触性过敏原为：硫酸镍（40%的女性）、对苯二胺（研究组的四分之一）、过硫酸铵（23.2%）、氯化钴（21.4%）、2,5 - 二氨基甲苯硫酸盐（9.8%）、甲醛（9.8%）、巯基乙酸铵（7.1%）和甘油单硫代乙醇酸（7.1%）。此外，我们还发现对硫柳汞（14.3%）、氯化钯（11.6%）、重铬酸钾（5.3%）和香料混合物（4.5%）的斑贴试验呈阳性反应。总体而言，在46.4%的过敏性接触性皮炎美发师、48.2%的刺激性接触性皮炎美发师以及0.9%的荨麻疹美发师中确诊了职业性皮肤病病因。71%的实习美发师最终被诊断为过敏性接触性皮炎，主要由过硫酸铵、对苯二胺、镍和硫柳汞引起。总之，在美发师的职业培训期间实施健康教育计划并在该职业群体中推广具体的预防措施似乎是必不可少的。
