U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Dauphin Island, Alabama 36528-0158, USA.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010 May;76(9):2754-68. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02590-09. Epub 2010 Feb 26.
Two samples of market oysters, primarily from retail establishments, were collected twice each month in each of nine states during 2007. Samples were shipped refrigerated overnight to five U.S. Food and Drug Administration laboratories on a rotating basis and analyzed by most probable number (MPN) for total and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus numbers and for the presence of toxigenic V. cholerae, Salmonella spp., norovirus (NoV), and hepatitis A virus (HAV). Levels of indicator organisms, including fecal coliforms (MPN), Escherichia coli (MPN), male-specific bacteriophage, and aerobic plate counts, were also determined. V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus levels were distributed seasonally and geographically by harvest region and were similar to levels observed in a previous study conducted in 1998-1999. Levels of pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus were typically several logs lower than total V. parahaemolyticus levels regardless of season or region. Pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus levels in the Gulf and Mid-Atlantic regions were about two logs greater than the levels observed in the Pacific and North Atlantic regions. Pathogens generally associated with fecal pollution were detected sporadically or not at all (toxigenic V. cholerae, 0%; Salmonella, 1.5%; NoV, 3.9%; HAV, 4.4%). While seasonal prevalences of NoV and HAV were generally greater in oysters harvested from December to March, the low detection frequency obscured any apparent seasonal effects. Overall, there was no relationship between the levels of indicator microorganisms and the presence of enteric viruses. These data provide a baseline that can be used to further validate risk assessment predictions, determine the effectiveness of new control measures, and compare the level of protection provided by the U.S. shellfish sanitation system to those in other countries.
2007 年，在九个州的每个州，主要从零售点采集了两个批次的商业牡蛎样本，每月采集两次。样本在冷藏条件下隔夜运送到美国食品和药物管理局的五个实验室，按照最可能数（MPN）方法，轮流对总致病性副溶血性弧菌和创伤弧菌数量以及产毒霍乱弧菌、沙门氏菌、诺如病毒（NoV）和甲型肝炎病毒（HAV）的存在情况进行分析。还测定了指示生物的水平，包括粪大肠菌群（MPN）、大肠杆菌（MPN）、雄性特异性噬菌体和需氧平板计数。副溶血性弧菌和创伤弧菌的水平按收获地区季节性和地域性分布，与 1998-1999 年进行的先前研究中观察到的水平相似。无论季节或地区如何，致病性副溶血性弧菌的水平通常比总副溶血性弧菌的水平低几个对数级。墨西哥湾和大西洋中部地区致病性副溶血性弧菌的水平比太平洋和北大西洋地区观察到的水平高约两个对数级。通常与粪便污染相关的病原体偶尔或根本未被检出（产毒霍乱弧菌，0%；沙门氏菌，1.5%；NoV，3.9%；HAV，4.4%）。虽然 12 月至 3 月收获的牡蛎中 NoV 和 HAV 的季节性流行率通常较高，但低检测频率掩盖了任何明显的季节性影响。总体而言，指示微生物的水平与肠病毒的存在之间没有关系。这些数据提供了一个基准，可以用于进一步验证风险评估预测、确定新控制措施的有效性，并将美国贝类卫生系统提供的保护水平与其他国家进行比较。
