Johnson & Johnson Worldwide Environment, Health, and Safety, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
Environ Health Perspect. 2010 Mar;118(3):338-44. doi: 10.1289/ehp.0900654.
Detection of estrogens in the environment has raised concerns in recent years because of their potential to affect both wildlife and humans.
We compared exposures to prescribed and naturally occurring estrogens in drinking water to exposures to naturally occurring background levels of estrogens in the diet of children and adults and to four independently derived acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) to determine whether drinking water intakes are larger or smaller than dietary intake or ADIs.
We used the Pharmaceutical Assessment and Transport Evaluation (PhATE) model to predict concentrations of estrogens potentially present in drinking water. Predicted drinking water concentrations were combined with default water intake rates to estimate drinking water exposures. Predicted drinking water intakes were compared to dietary intakes and also to ADIs. We present comparisons for individual estrogens as well as combined estrogens.
In the analysis we estimated that a child's exposures to individual prescribed estrogens in drinking water are 730-480,000 times lower (depending upon estrogen type) than exposure to background levels of naturally occurring estrogens in milk. A child's exposure to total estrogens in drinking water (prescribed and naturally occurring) is about 150 times lower than exposure from milk. Adult margins of exposure (MOEs) based on total dietary exposure are about 2 times smaller than those for children. Margins of safety (MOSs) for an adult's exposure to total prescribed estrogens in drinking water vary from about 135 to > 17,000, depending on ADI. MOSs for exposure to total estrogens in drinking water are about 2 times lower than MOSs for prescribed estrogens. Depending on the ADI that is used, MOSs for young children range from 28 to 5,120 for total estrogens (including both prescribed and naturally occurring sources) in drinking water.
The consistently large MOEs and MOSs strongly suggest that prescribed and total estrogens that may potentially be present in drinking water in the United States are not causing adverse effects in U.S. residents, including sensitive subpopulations.
近年来，环境中雌激素的检测引起了人们的关注，因为它们有可能对野生动物和人类产生影响。
我们比较了饮用水中摄入的合成雌激素和内源性雌激素，以及儿童和成人从饮食中摄入的内源性背景雌激素水平，以及四个独立推导的可接受日摄入量（ADI），以确定饮用水摄入量是否大于、小于或等于饮食摄入量或 ADI。
我们使用药物评估和运输评估（PhATE）模型来预测饮用水中可能存在的雌激素浓度。预测的饮用水浓度与默认的水摄入量相结合，以估计饮用水暴露量。将预测的饮用水摄入量与饮食摄入量进行比较，并与 ADI 进行比较。我们提供了个体雌激素以及组合雌激素的比较。
在分析中，我们估计儿童从饮用水中摄入的个体合成雌激素比从牛奶中摄入的内源性雌激素背景水平低 730-480,000 倍（取决于雌激素类型）。儿童从饮用水中摄入的总雌激素（合成和内源性）比从牛奶中摄入的雌激素低约 150 倍。基于总饮食暴露的成人接触量（MOE）比儿童小约 2 倍。成人从饮用水中摄入的总合成雌激素的安全边际（MOS）从 135 到> 17000 不等，具体取决于 ADI。饮用水中总雌激素的 MOS 比合成雌激素的 MOS 低约 2 倍。根据所使用的 ADI，饮用水中总雌激素（包括合成和内源性来源）对幼儿的 MOS 范围从 28 到 5120。
MOE 和 MOS 一直很大，这强烈表明美国饮用水中可能存在的合成雌激素和总雌激素不会对美国居民，包括敏感人群造成不良影响。
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