Benchaoui Hafid
Novartis Animal Health Inc., Schwarzwaldallee 215, WRO-1032.2.44, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland.
Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2010(199):113-38. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-10324-7_5.
Population medicine is an important component of veterinary care in livestock (farm animals) and companion animals (pets). This chapter covers some of the chemotherapeutic approaches undertaken at population level to control infectious diseases in domestic animals. Optimisation of health, productivity and welfare in livestock commonly entails implementation of whole-herd or whole-flock strategies to effectively counter the negative impact of infectious diseases. Gastro-intestinal and liver parasites of grazing cattle and sheep are endemic in most parts of the world and can result in significant production losses. Strategically timed anthelmintic treatments are instituted with the double objective of reducing worm burdens in infected animals and ensuring reduction of pasture contamination with infective larvae. Mastitis is another major endemic problem, particularly in cattle, which causes significant economic losses to dairy farmers globally. As a painful inflammatory condition of the cow's udder, clinical mastitis also raises animal welfare concerns. Prevention of clinical mastitis requires rigorous post-milking hygiene, identification and culling of chronically infected cows, attention to the cow's environment and therapeutic management of udder health during the dry period. A third condition that can cause high levels of morbidity and mortality is bacterial respiratory disease. Pneumonia in young livestock is often exacerbated by stressful transportation and co-mingling of animals from different herds. The welfare consequences and production losses can be significant. Antimicrobial treatment of pneumonic animals and, when appropriate, of in-contact animals living in the same air-space is an integral part of whole-herd respiratory disease management. The role of the veterinary profession is to also ensure that principles of population medicine are understood and adhered to by pet owners. The increase in pet ownership and the importance of the human-animal bond in modern developed societies give rise to zoonotic risks, which require vigilance and intervention. Regular internal parasite control in dogs and cats, particularly in endemic areas, contributes to animal welfare and minimises public health hazards.
群体医学是家畜（农场动物）和伴侣动物（宠物）兽医护理的重要组成部分。本章介绍了在群体层面采取的一些控制家畜传染病的化疗方法。优化家畜的健康、生产力和福利通常需要实施全群策略，以有效应对传染病的负面影响。放牧的牛和羊的胃肠道及肝脏寄生虫在世界大部分地区都很常见，会导致重大的生产损失。适时进行驱虫治疗有双重目的，一是减少感染动物体内的蠕虫负担，二是确保减少牧场被感染性幼虫污染。乳腺炎是另一个主要的地方性问题，尤其是在牛群中，给全球奶农造成了重大经济损失。作为奶牛乳房的一种疼痛性炎症疾病，临床乳腺炎也引发了动物福利问题。预防临床乳腺炎需要严格的挤奶后卫生措施、识别并淘汰慢性感染的奶牛、关注奶牛的生活环境以及在干奶期对乳房健康进行治疗管理。第三种可能导致高发病率和死亡率的疾病是细菌性呼吸道疾病。幼畜肺炎往往因应激性运输以及不同畜群动物混养而加剧。其对动物福利的影响和生产损失可能很大。对患肺炎的动物以及在适当情况下对生活在同一空间的接触动物进行抗菌治疗，是全群呼吸道疾病管理的一个组成部分。兽医行业的职责还包括确保宠物主人理解并遵守群体医学原则。在现代发达社会，宠物饲养量的增加以及人宠关系的重要性带来了人畜共患病风险，这需要保持警惕并进行干预。对犬猫定期进行体内寄生虫控制，尤其是在流行地区，有助于动物福利并将公共卫生危害降至最低。
