Akkermans J P
Tijdschr Diergeneeskd. 1977 Feb 1;102(3):188-202.
The role of polyfactorial infectious diseases has increased as a result of the indstrial scale of livestock farming. Industrial livestock husbandry means keeping a single species of animal in large groups, optimum production on rational grounds being a concurrent object. Polyfactorial diseases are those diseases which are due to an infectious component and the clinical pictures of which are also determined to a considerable extent by the environment and by the animal itself. The problems associated with dysentery (Doyle), Atrophic rhinitis, Aujeszky's disease, Enzootic with nastitis, Chlamydia infection and Enzootic bronchopneumonia in cattle are discussed. In controlling these diseases, attention should not only be paid to the infectious component but also, and possibly to an even greater extent, to improvement of the environment and herd management. The view is advanced that efforts should be made to live with the disease. To stress a single measure is a technical error. Attempts should be made to improve the entire living environment of the animals by a number of measures. This requires constant expert supervision by the veterinarian. In supervising the health and welfare of farm animals, the veterinarian shluld be advised by the Provincial Health Services. These Health Services should be informed on possible or existing problems by post-mortem studies, serological studies and the study of secretions and excretions. Efforts should be made to ensure health control and health supervision in the entire field of livestock farming. It was pointed out that the hazards to attendants in livestock husbandry and the risks to consumers involved in the consumption of products of animal origin have been reduced to a minimum in 1976. Moreover, the risks are decidely smaller than those involved in keeping pets. Food poisoning caused by bacteria and bacterial toxins is a problem of hygiene rather than a problem of infection. From the point of view of prevention, improving hygienic conditions in the production, processing and manufacture of products of animal origin and altering particular eating habits should therefore be stressed.
由于畜牧业的工业化规模，多因素传染病的作用有所增加。工业化畜牧养殖意味着将单一物种的动物大规模饲养，在合理的基础上实现最佳生产是一个并行目标。多因素疾病是指那些由感染因素引起的疾病，其临床症状在很大程度上也由环境和动物自身决定。本文讨论了与牛的痢疾（多伊尔氏病）、萎缩性鼻炎、奥耶斯基氏病、地方性乳腺炎、衣原体感染和地方性支气管肺炎相关的问题。在控制这些疾病时，不仅应关注感染因素，而且可能更应关注改善环境和畜群管理。有人提出应努力与疾病共存。强调单一措施是一种技术错误。应尝试通过多种措施改善动物的整个生活环境。这需要兽医持续的专业监督。在监督农场动物的健康和福利时，兽医应听取省级卫生服务部门的建议。这些卫生服务部门应通过尸检研究、血清学研究以及分泌物和排泄物研究了解可能存在或已存在的问题。应努力确保在整个畜牧业领域进行健康控制和健康监督。有人指出，1976年畜牧业中对饲养人员的危害以及动物源性产品消费对消费者的风险已降至最低。此外，这些风险肯定比养宠物所涉及的风险要小。由细菌和细菌毒素引起的食物中毒是一个卫生问题而非感染问题。因此，从预防的角度来看，应强调改善动物源性产品生产、加工和制造过程中的卫生条件以及改变特定的饮食习惯。
