Obstetrics and Gynecology Ultrasound Center, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Centers, Mt Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel.
Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Jun;35(6):741-50. doi: 10.1002/uog.7618.
Since its introduction in the mid-1980s sonographic evaluation of the human fetal venous system has advanced dramatically. The venous system is well-recognized as a target for investigation in cases of circulatory compromise, and a broad spectrum of malformations affecting this system has been described. Appreciation of the normal embryology, anatomy and physiology of this system is essential to an understanding of structural anomalies and the sequential changes encountered in intrauterine growth restriction or other developmental disorders. We review the normal embryology, anatomy, and hemodynamics of the human fetal venous system, and provide an overview of Doppler investigation, as well as three- and four-dimensional ultrasound modalities and their application to this system.
自 20 世纪 80 年代中期以来，超声评估胎儿静脉系统取得了显著进展。静脉系统已被广泛认为是循环功能障碍病例的研究目标，并且已经描述了广泛的影响该系统的畸形。了解该系统的正常胚胎学、解剖学和生理学对于理解结构异常以及在宫内生长受限或其他发育障碍中遇到的顺序变化至关重要。我们回顾了人类胎儿静脉系统的正常胚胎学、解剖学和血液动力学，并概述了多普勒检查以及三维和四维超声模式及其在该系统中的应用。
