Noel Stéphanie, Billo Bah Boubacar
Engineering Department, Agricultural Research Centre of Wallonia (CRA-W) Gembloux, Belgium.
Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci. 2009;74(1):165-70.
Pollution of water resources (surface waters and ground waters) by pesticide uses is one of the key point of the European policy with the implementation of the Water Frame Work Directive (2000/60/EC) and the thematic Strategy on the Sustainable use of pesticides. According to this legislation, the Member States must initiate measures to limit environmental and toxicological effects caused by pesticide uses. The Agricultural Research Centre of Wallonia (CRA-W) emphasized the need of a tool for spatial risk analysis and develOPs it within the framework of PESTEAUX project. The originality of the approach proposed by the CRA-W is to generate maps to identify the risk of pollution at locale scale (agricultural parcel). The risk will be assessed according to the study of different factors, grouped under 3 data's layers: polluting pressure, vulnerability of the physical environment (soil) and meteorological data. This approach is directly based on the risk's definition which takes into account the polluting pressure, linked to the human activities, and the vulnerability of the soil, defined by factors of physical environment which characterize the water flow in the parcel. Moreover, meteorological data influence the intensity and likelihood flow of water, and indirectly pesticide by leaching or runoff. The PESTEAUX's approach to study the pollution is based on the model "source-vector-target". The source is the polluting pressure, in other words, the pesticides which could reach the targets. The main vector is the water which vehicles the pesticide on and trough the soil until the target which are the surface waters or ground waters. In this paper we introduce the factors contributing to the polluting pressure. These factors are linking to the human activities and more precisely, to the pesticide uses. The factors considered have an influence on pesticide's transport by water (in its solid state or in dissolved state by leaching, run-off, or erosion) but also on a set of process controlling pesticide behavior in the environment such as degradation, sorption,....
农药使用对水资源（地表水和地下水）造成污染是欧洲政策的重点之一，这与《水框架指令》（2000/60/EC）的实施以及农药可持续使用主题战略相关。根据该立法，成员国必须采取措施限制农药使用所造成的环境和毒理学影响。瓦隆农业研究中心（CRA-W）强调需要一种空间风险分析工具，并在PESTEAUX项目框架内进行开发。CRA-W提出的方法的独特之处在于生成地图以识别局部尺度（农业地块）的污染风险。风险将根据对不同因素的研究进行评估，这些因素分为3个数据层：污染压力、物理环境（土壤）的脆弱性和气象数据。这种方法直接基于风险的定义，该定义考虑了与人类活动相关的污染压力以及由表征地块水流的物理环境因素所定义的土壤脆弱性。此外，气象数据会影响水的流动强度和可能性，进而间接影响农药的淋溶或径流。PESTEAUX研究污染的方法基于“源-载体-目标”模型。源是污染压力，即可能到达目标的农药。主要载体是水，它将农药携带到土壤上并穿过土壤直至目标，即地表水或地下水。在本文中，我们介绍了导致污染压力的因素。这些因素与人类活动相关，更确切地说，与农药使用相关。所考虑的因素不仅对农药通过水（以固态或通过淋溶、径流或侵蚀的溶解状态）的传输有影响，而且对一系列控制农药在环境中行为的过程（如降解、吸附等）也有影响。
