Research Laboratory of Comparative Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ternopil National Pedagogical University, Ternopil, Ukraine.
Ecotoxicology. 2013 Apr;22(3):433-45. doi: 10.1007/s10646-012-1037-6. Epub 2013 Jan 11.
The aim of the present study was the investigation of the effect of in situ exposure history on the responses of freshwater mussels to thiocarbamate fungicide. Male bivalve mollusks Anodonta anatina (Unionidae) from polluted (A) and unpolluted (F) sites were subjected to 14 days of exposure to fungicide Tattoo (mixture of propamocarb and mancozeb, 91 μg L(-1)). When unexposed mussels were compared, chronic effect of toxic environment in site A was confirmed by oxidative stress indices (high levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls and oxyradical production, low level of total glutathione (GSH)), genotoxicity (high levels of DNA-strand breaks and caspase-3 activity in digestive gland), and cytotoxicity (low lysosomal membrane stability in hemocytes), elevated vitellogenin-like proteins (Vtg-LP) concentration in gonads, high levels of Cu, Zn, Cd, metallothionein (MT)-bound metals (MT-Me) and MT-related thiol (MT-SH), and low ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity in digestive gland. The major differences in the responses of the two exposed groups were related to antioxidant defense and MT: in the group A, prominent oxidative stress response with the participation of MT-SH and GSH in the gills, EROD activation, but decrease of MT-Me level was shown, whereas in group F exposure provoked the elevation of MT-Me, caspase-3 and Vtg-LP values. Carbamate did not cause cholinesterase depletion and cytotoxicity. However, genotoxic and pro-oxidant effects (increased levels of hemocytes with micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities, DNA-strand breaks and oxyradical in digestive gland), were common responses for both the exposed groups.
本研究旨在探讨原位暴露史对淡水贝类贻贝（Unionidae）对硫代氨基甲酸酯类杀菌剂反应的影响。来自污染（A）和未污染（F）地点的雄性双壳类软体动物 Anodonta anatina （Unionidae）接受了 14 天的杀菌剂 Tattoo（丙硫菌唑和代森锰锌的混合物，91μg/L）暴露。当比较未暴露的贻贝时，A 位点有毒环境的慢性效应通过氧化应激指标（超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性升高、脂质过氧化、蛋白质羰基和氧自由基产生、总谷胱甘肽 (GSH) 水平降低）、遗传毒性（消化腺中 DNA 链断裂和 caspase-3 活性升高）和细胞毒性（血细胞中溶酶体膜稳定性降低）、性腺中卵黄蛋白类似物 (Vtg-LP) 浓度升高、Cu、Zn、Cd、金属硫蛋白 (MT)-结合金属 (MT-Me) 和 MT 相关硫醇 (MT-SH) 水平升高以及消化腺中乙氧基 RESORUFIN-O-脱乙基酶 (EROD) 活性降低来证实。两组暴露组反应的主要差异与抗氧化防御和 MT 有关：在 A 组，明显的氧化应激反应，伴有 MT-SH 和 GSH 的参与，鳃中 EROD 激活，但 MT-Me 水平降低，而在 F 组暴露中，MT-Me、caspase-3 和 Vtg-LP 值升高。氨基甲酸酯没有导致胆碱酯酶耗竭和细胞毒性。然而，遗传毒性和促氧化效应（血细胞中含有微核和核异常的细胞增多、消化腺中的 DNA 链断裂和氧自由基）是两组暴露组的共同反应。
