Long-term clinical outcome of schizophrenia with special reference to gender differences.

A sample of 94 first-admitted schizophrenics and 47 patients with schizophreniform disorder (DSM-III) was personally re-examined after a mean of 10 years (by Retterstöl), and 110 of the patients after a mean of 31 years (by the author). Nearly half of the patients were admitted in 1946-1948 (long-term) and the remaining in 1958-1961 (short-term). Average outcome was significantly more favourable for short-term than for long-term patients. Single marital status and no, minimal or mild psychosocial stressor at onset (Axis IV) predicted poor long-term outcome. At 10-year follow-up there was no difference between men and women in clinical outcome. No substantial change was revealed in men at last follow-up, whereas on average women had clearly deteriorated.