UCD Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine and Medical Science, National Maternity Hospital, University College Dublin, Holles Street, Dublin 2, Republic of Ireland.
Br J Nutr. 2010 Jul;104(2):153-9. doi: 10.1017/S0007114510000425. Epub 2010 Mar 23.
Infant birth weight has increased in Ireland in recent years along with levels of childhood overweight and obesity. The present article reviews the current literature on maternal glycaemia and the role of the dietary glycaemic index (GI) and its impact on pregnancy outcomes. It is known that maternal weight and weight gain significantly influence infant birth weight. Fetal macrosomia (birth weight >4000 g) is associated with an increased risk of perinatal trauma to both mother and infant. Furthermore, macrosomic infants have greater risk of being obese in childhood, adolescence and adulthood compared to normal-sized infants. There is evidence that there is a direct relationship between maternal blood glucose levels during pregnancy and fetal growth and size at birth, even when maternal blood glucose levels are within their normal range. Thus, maintaining blood glucose concentrations within normal parameters during pregnancy may reduce the incidence of fetal macrosomia. Maternal diet, and particularly its carbohydrate (CHO) type and content, influences maternal blood glucose concentrations. However, different CHO foods produce different glycaemic responses. The GI was conceived by Jenkins in 1981 as a method for assessing the glycaemic responses of different CHO. Data from clinical studies in healthy pregnant women have documented that consuming a low-GI diet during pregnancy reduces peaks in postprandial glucose levels and normalises infant birth weight. Pregnancy is a physiological condition where the GI may be of particular relevance as glucose is the primary fuel for fetal growth.
近年来，爱尔兰婴儿的出生体重与儿童超重和肥胖水平一起增加。本文综述了目前关于母体血糖和饮食血糖指数（GI）及其对妊娠结局影响的文献。众所周知，母体体重和体重增加会显著影响婴儿的出生体重。胎儿巨大儿（出生体重>4000 克）与母亲和婴儿围产期创伤的风险增加有关。此外，与正常大小的婴儿相比，巨大儿在儿童期、青春期和成年期肥胖的风险更大。有证据表明，即使母体血糖水平在正常范围内，妊娠期间母体血糖水平与胎儿生长和出生时的大小之间存在直接关系。因此，在妊娠期间将血糖浓度维持在正常参数范围内可能会降低胎儿巨大儿的发生率。母体饮食，特别是其碳水化合物（CHO）类型和含量，会影响母体血糖浓度。然而，不同的 CHO 食物会产生不同的血糖反应。GI 由詹金斯于 1981 年提出，作为评估不同 CHO 的血糖反应的一种方法。来自健康孕妇的临床研究数据表明，在怀孕期间食用低 GI 饮食可降低餐后血糖峰值并使婴儿出生体重正常化。妊娠是一种生理状态，GI 可能特别相关，因为葡萄糖是胎儿生长的主要燃料。
