Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur v. Vesturlandsveg, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland.
Mar Biotechnol (NY). 2010 Aug;12(4):361-79. doi: 10.1007/s10126-010-9279-x. Epub 2010 Mar 30.
All metazoans possess innate immune defence system whereas parameters of the adaptive immune system make their first appearance in the gnathostomata, the jawed vertebrates. Fish are therefore the first animal phyla to possess both an innate and adaptive immune system making them very interesting as regards developmental studies of the immune system. The massive increase in aquaculture in recent decades has also put greater emphasis on studies of the fish immune system and defence against diseases commonly associated with intensive fish rearing. Some of the main components of the innate and adaptive immune system of fish are described. The innate parameters are at the forefront of immune defence in fish and are a crucial factor in disease resistance. The adaptive response of fish is commonly delayed but is essential for lasting immunity and a key factor in successful vaccination. Some of the inherent and external factors that can manipulate the immune system of fish are discussed, the main fish diseases are listed and the pathogenicity and host defence discussed. The main prophylactic measures are covered, including vaccination, probiotics and immunostimulation. A key element in the immunological control of fish diseases is the great variation in disease susceptibility and immune defence of different fish species, a reflection of the extended time the present day teleosts have been separated in evolution. Future research will probably make use of molecular and proteomic tools both to study important elements in immune defence and prophylactic measures and to assist with breeding programmes for disease resistance.
所有后生动物都具有先天免疫防御系统，而适应性免疫系统的参数则首次出现在有颌类脊椎动物中。因此，鱼类是第一个同时拥有先天和适应性免疫系统的动物门，这使得它们在免疫系统的发育研究方面非常有趣。近几十年来，水产养殖业的大规模增长也更加重视鱼类免疫系统的研究和对与集约化养殖相关的疾病的防御。本文描述了鱼类先天和适应性免疫系统的一些主要成分。先天参数是鱼类免疫防御的前沿，是抵抗疾病的关键因素。鱼类的适应性反应通常是延迟的，但对于持久的免疫力至关重要，也是成功接种疫苗的关键因素。讨论了一些可以操纵鱼类免疫系统的内在和外在因素，列出了主要的鱼类疾病，并讨论了其致病性和宿主防御。涵盖了主要的预防措施，包括疫苗接种、益生菌和免疫刺激。鱼类疾病免疫控制的一个关键要素是不同鱼类物种对疾病易感性和免疫防御的巨大差异，这反映了当今硬骨鱼在进化过程中已经分离了很长时间。未来的研究可能会利用分子和蛋白质组学工具来研究免疫防御和预防措施中的重要元素，并协助疾病抗性的繁殖计划。
