Shaalan Walaa M, Sayed Alaa El-Din H
Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, 13518, Egypt.
Bioinformatics Group, Faculty for Biology and Biotechnology and Center for Protein Diagnostics, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany.
Sci Rep. 2025 May 28;15(1):18748. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-01434-z.
The presence of pharmaceutical compounds in aquatic environments has become a notable ecological issue, with compounds such as bromazepam, naproxen, metoprolol, and sotalol being of particular concern due to their prevalence and potential biological effects on non-target species. This study aims to evaluate the effects of these pharmaceuticals on common carp (Cyprinus carpio), focusing on cytogenicity, genotoxicity, hematological, biochemical, neurological, and immunological responses. Juvenile carp were exposed to 15.54 µg/L bromazepam, 14.40 µg/L naproxen, 5.76 µg/L metoprolol, and 3.33 µg/L sotalol, respectively. Hematological analysis revealed significant reductions in red blood cell counts and hemoglobin levels, indicating potential anemia, especially in fish exposed to naproxen. Biochemical assays showed increased levels of albumin, globulin, and enzymes indicative of liver stress in exposed groups. Antioxidant defense enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase showed significant activity increases, suggesting oxidative stress. Apoptosis assays demonstrated elevated erythrocyte apoptosis, particularly in the naproxen group, which also exhibited the highest DNA damage. These findings highlight the ecological significance of pharmaceutical contamination and highlight the urgent need for thorough environmental risk assessments that take into account the health of both organisms and ecosystems, as well as the creation of mitigation plans for their detrimental effects on aquatic ecosystems.
水生环境中药物化合物的存在已成为一个显著的生态问题，像溴西泮、萘普生、美托洛尔和索他洛尔等化合物因其普遍存在以及对非目标物种的潜在生物学效应而备受关注。本研究旨在评估这些药物对鲤鱼（Cyprinus carpio）的影响，重点关注细胞生成、遗传毒性、血液学、生物化学、神经学和免疫学反应。幼鱼分别暴露于15.54微克/升的溴西泮、14.40微克/升的萘普生、5.76微克/升的美托洛尔和3.33微克/升的索他洛尔中。血液学分析显示红细胞计数和血红蛋白水平显著降低，表明可能存在贫血，尤其是在暴露于萘普生的鱼类中。生化分析表明，暴露组中白蛋白、球蛋白和表明肝脏应激的酶水平升高。超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶等抗氧化防御酶的活性显著增加，表明存在氧化应激。细胞凋亡检测显示红细胞凋亡增加，尤其是在萘普生组，该组还表现出最高的DNA损伤。这些发现凸显了药物污染的生态意义，并强调迫切需要进行全面的环境风险评估，同时考虑到生物和生态系统的健康，以及制定减轻其对水生生态系统有害影响的缓解计划。
