Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
J Agric Food Chem. 2010 May 12;58(9):5320-7. doi: 10.1021/jf9040172.
Gut microflora metabolize anthocyanins to phenolic acids and aldehydes. These metabolites may explain the relationship between anthocyanin consumption and reduced incidence of colon cancer. Here, all six major metabolites, along with a Cabernet Sauvignon anthocyanin extract, were incubated with Caco-2 cells at concentrations of 0-1000 microM over 72 h to determine effects on cell proliferation and for 24 h to assess cytotoxicity effects and at 140 microM for 24 h to measure induction of apoptosis. These measurements were based on colorimetric methods. Gallic acid and 3-O-methylgallic acid inhibited cell proliferation and lacked cytotoxicity at low concentrations. The aldehyde metabolite and anthocyanin extract also inhibited cell proliferation at low concentrations and had low cytotoxicity at a wide range of concentrations. Of the four substances that effectively reduced cell proliferation, the aldehyde was the best inducer of apoptosis. In addition, these same four treatments degraded quickly in growth media, suggesting the involvement of subsequent oxidation products in the reduction of cell viability. These results indicate that the anthocyanin microfloral metabolites gallic acid, 3-O-methylgallic acid, and 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzaldehyde reduce cell proliferation in Caco-2 cells more effectively than anthocyanins and may offer protection against colon cancer after their formation in the gut.
肠道微生物将花色苷代谢为酚酸和醛。这些代谢物可能解释了花色苷消耗与结肠癌发病率降低之间的关系。在这里，所有六种主要代谢物，以及赤霞珠花色苷提取物，在 72 小时内以 0-1000μM 的浓度与 Caco-2 细胞共孵育，以确定对细胞增殖的影响，并在 24 小时内评估细胞毒性作用，在 140μM 下孵育 24 小时以测量细胞凋亡的诱导。这些测量是基于比色法。没食子酸和 3-O-甲基没食子酸在低浓度时抑制细胞增殖，且无细胞毒性。醛代谢物和花色苷提取物在低浓度时也抑制细胞增殖，在广泛的浓度范围内具有低细胞毒性。在四种有效降低细胞增殖的物质中，醛是最好的凋亡诱导剂。此外，这四种相同的处理物在生长培养基中迅速降解，表明在降低细胞活力方面涉及随后的氧化产物。这些结果表明，花色苷微生物代谢物没食子酸、3-O-甲基没食子酸和 2,4,6-三羟基苯甲醛比花色苷更有效地降低 Caco-2 细胞的增殖，并可能在肠道形成后提供对结肠癌的保护。
