Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, The University of Iowa, 3131 Seamans Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
Accid Anal Prev. 2010 May;42(3):881-90. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2009.05.001.
Driver distraction has become a leading cause of motor-vehicle crashes. Although visual and cognitive distraction has been studied extensively, relatively little research has addressed their combined effects on drivers' behavior. To fill this gap, a medium-fidelity simulator study examined the driver behavior before, during and after three types of distraction. Driving without distraction was compared to visual distraction, cognitive distraction, and combined visual and cognitive distraction. The results show that the visual and combined distraction both impaired vehicle control and hazard detection and resulted in frequent, long off-road glances. The combined distraction was less detrimental than visual distraction alone. Cognitive distraction made steering less smooth, but improved lane maintenance. All distractions caused gaze concentration and slow saccades when drivers looked at the roadway, and cognitive and combined distraction increased blink frequency. Steering neglect, under-compensation, and over-compensation were three typical steering failures that were differentially associated with the different distractions: steering neglect and over-compensation with visual distraction and under-compensation with cognitive distraction. Overall, visual distraction interferes with driving performance more than cognitive distraction, and visual distraction dominates the performance decrements during combined distraction. These results suggest that minimizing visual demand is particularly important in the design of in-vehicle systems and in the development of distraction countermeasures.
驾驶员分神已成为机动车事故的主要原因。尽管视觉和认知分心已经得到了广泛的研究，但相对较少的研究涉及它们对驾驶员行为的综合影响。为了填补这一空白，一项中等保真度模拟器研究考察了三种分心类型下驾驶员的行为表现。无分心驾驶与视觉分心、认知分心和视觉与认知分心相结合进行了比较。结果表明，视觉和综合分心都会损害车辆控制和危险探测能力，并导致频繁、长时间的偏离道路视线。与单独的视觉分心相比，综合分心的危害较小。认知分心会使转向不那么顺畅，但会改善车道保持。所有分心行为都会导致驾驶员注视道路时的注视集中和缓慢扫视，而认知和综合分心会增加眨眼频率。转向忽视、欠补偿和过补偿是三种典型的转向故障，它们与不同的分心行为有不同的关联：转向忽视和过补偿与视觉分心有关，而欠补偿与认知分心有关。总的来说，视觉分心对驾驶表现的干扰比认知分心更大，并且在综合分心期间，视觉分心主导了性能下降。这些结果表明，在车内系统设计和分心对策开发中，最大限度地减少视觉需求尤为重要。
