Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5048, USA.
Anesth Analg. 2010 May 1;110(5):1283-9. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181d3e861.
Sleep and general anesthesia are distinct states of consciousness that share many traits. Prior studies suggest that propofol anesthesia facilitates recovery from rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep deprivation, but the effects of inhaled anesthetics have not yet been studied. We tested the hypothesis that isoflurane anesthesia would also facilitate recovery from REM sleep deprivation.
Six rats were implanted with superficial cortical, deep hippocampal, and nuchal muscle electrodes. Animals were deprived of REM sleep for 24 hours and then (1) allowed to sleep ad libitum for 8 hours or (2) were immediately anesthetized with isoflurane for a 4-hour period followed by ad libitum sleep for 4 hours. The percentage of REM and NREM sleep after the protocols was compared with similar conditions without sleep deprivation. Hippocampal activity during isoflurane anesthesia was also compared with activity during REM sleep and active waking.
Recovery after deprivation was associated with a 5.7-fold increase (P = 0.0005) in REM sleep in the first 2 hours and a 2.6-fold increase (P = 0.004) in the following 2 hours. Animals that underwent isoflurane anesthesia after deprivation demonstrated a 3.6-fold increase (P = 0.001) in REM sleep in the first 2 hours of recovery and a 2.2-fold increase (P = 0.003) in the second 2 hours. There were no significant differences in REM sleep rebound between the first 4 hours after deprivation and the first 4 hours after both deprivation and isoflurane anesthesia. Hippocampal activity during isoflurane anesthesia was not affected by REM sleep deprivation, and the probability distribution of events during anesthesia was more similar to that of waking than to REM sleep.
Unlike propofol, isoflurane does not satisfy the homeostatic need for REM sleep. Furthermore, the regulation and organization of hippocampal events during anesthesia are unlike sleep. We conclude that different anesthetics have distinct interfaces with sleep.
睡眠和全身麻醉是两种不同的意识状态，它们有许多共同特征。先前的研究表明，异丙酚麻醉有助于从快速眼动（REM）和非快速眼动（NREM）睡眠剥夺中恢复，但吸入麻醉剂的影响尚未得到研究。我们假设异氟烷麻醉也会促进 REM 睡眠剥夺的恢复。
六只大鼠被植入浅层皮质、深层海马和颈部肌肉电极。动物被剥夺 REM 睡眠 24 小时，然后（1）允许自由睡眠 8 小时或（2）立即用异氟烷麻醉 4 小时，然后自由睡眠 4 小时。与无睡眠剥夺的类似条件相比，比较了方案后的 REM 和 NREM 睡眠百分比。还比较了异氟烷麻醉期间的海马活动与 REM 睡眠和主动清醒期间的活动。
剥夺后的恢复与前 2 小时 REM 睡眠增加 5.7 倍（P=0.0005）和随后 2 小时增加 2.6 倍（P=0.004）相关。在剥夺后接受异氟烷麻醉的动物在恢复的前 2 小时 REM 睡眠增加了 3.6 倍（P=0.001），在随后的 2 小时增加了 2.2 倍（P=0.003）。剥夺后前 4 小时和剥夺后前 4 小时与异氟烷麻醉后 REM 睡眠恢复之间没有显著差异。异氟烷麻醉期间的海马活动不受 REM 睡眠剥夺的影响，事件的概率分布在麻醉期间与清醒时更相似，而与 REM 睡眠不同。
与异丙酚不同，异氟烷不能满足 REM 睡眠的稳态需求。此外，麻醉期间海马事件的调节和组织与睡眠不同。我们得出结论，不同的麻醉剂与睡眠有不同的界面。
