Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Room E5132, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2010 Jun;74(2):200-28. doi: 10.1128/MMBR.00008-10.
Lipoic acid [(R)-5-(1,2-dithiolan-3-yl)pentanoic acid] is an enzyme cofactor required for intermediate metabolism in free-living cells. Lipoic acid was discovered nearly 60 years ago and was shown to be covalently attached to proteins in several multicomponent dehydrogenases. Cells can acquire lipoate (the deprotonated charge form of lipoic acid that dominates at physiological pH) through either scavenging or de novo synthesis. Microbial pathogens implement these basic lipoylation strategies with a surprising variety of adaptations which can affect pathogenesis and virulence. Similarly, lipoylated proteins are responsible for effects beyond their classical roles in catalysis. These include roles in oxidative defense, bacterial sporulation, and gene expression. This review surveys the role of lipoate metabolism in bacterial, fungal, and protozoan pathogens and how these organisms have employed this metabolism to adapt to niche environments.
硫辛酸[(R)-5-(1,2-二硫戊环-3-基)戊酸]是一种酶辅因子，是游离细胞中间代谢所必需的。硫辛酸在近 60 年前被发现，并被证明共价连接到几种多组分脱氢酶中的蛋白质上。细胞可以通过吞噬或从头合成来获得硫辛酸（硫辛酸的去质子电荷形式，在生理 pH 值下占主导地位）。微生物病原体通过惊人的多种适应性来实施这些基本的硫酰化策略，这些适应性可能会影响发病机制和毒力。同样，硫酰化蛋白的作用超出了其在催化中的经典作用。这些作用包括在氧化防御、细菌孢子形成和基因表达中的作用。本综述调查了硫辛酸代谢在细菌、真菌和原生动物病原体中的作用，以及这些生物体如何利用这种代谢来适应小生境。
