State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, P.R. China.
Mol Biol Evol. 2010 Oct;27(10):2417-30. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msq131. Epub 2010 May 31.
As the relic of the ancient Champa Kingdom, the Cham people represent the major Austronesian speakers in Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA) and their origin is evidently associated with the Austronesian diffusion in MSEA. Hitherto, hypotheses stemming mainly from linguistic and cultural viewpoints on the origin of the Cham people remain a welter of controversies. Among the points of dissension is the muddled issue of whether the Cham people arose from demic or cultural diffusion from the Austronesians. Addressing this issue also helps elucidate the dispersal mode of the Austronesian language. In the present study, we have analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control-region and coding-region sequence variations in 168 Cham and 139 Kinh individuals from Vietnam. Around 77% and 95% matrilineal components in the Chams and the Kinhs, respectively, could be assigned into the defined mtDNA haplogroups. Additionally, three common East Eurasian haplogroups B, R9, and M7 account for the majority (>60%) of maternal components in both populations. Entire sequencing of 20 representative mtDNAs selected from the thus far unclassified lineages, together with four new mtDNA genome sequences from Thailand, led to the identification of one new haplogroup M77 and helped to re-evaluate several haplogroups determined previously. Comparing the Chams with other Southeast Asian populations reveals that the Chams had a closer affinity with the Mon-Khmer populations in MSEA than with the Austronesian populations from Island Southeast Asia (ISEA). Further analyses failed to detect the potential homelands of the Chams in ISEA. Therefore, our results suggested that the origin of the Cham was likely a process of assimilation of massive local Mon-Khmer populations accompanied with language shift, thus indicating that the Austronesian diffusion in MSEA was mainly mediated by cultural diffusion, at least from the matrilineal genetic perspective, an observation in agreement with the hypothesis of the Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Networks.
作为古代占婆王国的遗迹，占族代表了东南亚大陆（MSEA）的主要南岛语族使用者，其起源显然与南岛语族在 MSEA 的扩散有关。迄今为止，主要基于语言和文化观点的关于占族起源的假说仍然存在诸多争议。其中一个争议点是占族是源于人群的扩散还是南岛语族的文化扩散。解决这个问题还有助于阐明南岛语的扩散模式。在本研究中，我们对来自越南的 168 名占族和 139 名京族个体的线粒体 DNA（mtDNA）控制区和编码区序列变异进行了分析。分别有 77%和 95%的母系成分可被分配到定义的 mtDNA 单倍群中。此外，东亚三个常见的单倍群 B、R9 和 M7 占这两个群体母系成分的大多数（>60%）。从迄今未分类的谱系中选择的 20 个代表性 mtDNA 的全序列，以及来自泰国的 4 个新的 mtDNA 基因组序列，确定了一个新的单倍群 M77，并有助于重新评估之前确定的几个单倍群。将占族与其他东南亚人群进行比较表明，占族与 MSEA 的孟高棉人群比与来自印度尼西亚群岛的南岛语族人群更亲近。进一步的分析未能检测到占族在印度尼西亚群岛的潜在发源地。因此，我们的结果表明，占族的起源可能是一个同化大量当地孟高棉人群的过程，伴随着语言的转变，这表明南岛语族在 MSEA 的扩散主要是通过文化扩散介导的，至少从母系遗传的角度来看是这样，这一观察结果与 Nusantao 海上贸易和通信网络假说一致。
