Center for Family & Demographic Research, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA.
Matern Child Health J. 2011 Jul;15(5):610-9. doi: 10.1007/s10995-010-0622-7.
Much of the research examining the patterns, timing, and socioeconomic characteristics of child overweight has been limited by the lack of longitudinal nationally representative data with sufficiently large or diverse samples. We used the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K), a nationally representative sample of US kindergartners, to identify three distinct patterns of weight gain from kindergarten through eighth grade. The largest group (boys: 59%, girls: 55%) was characterized as having consistently normal weight whereby BMI percentile remained below the 85th percentile. The remaining children (boys: 41%, girls: 45%) fell either into a class characterized as always overweight/at risk of overweight (boys: 27%, girls: 25%) or gradually becoming overweight/at risk for overweight (boys: 15%, girls 20%). We found some evidence that the relationship between socioeconomic status and children's health may operate differently across gender. Among girls, low parental income and education were both significant risk factors for the gradual onset of overweight after beginning Kindergarten. Parental income or changes in parental income were not related to boys' risk of developing overweight after entering Kindergarten; only parents' education. We found that while children of immigrants display higher levels of overweight/at risk for overweight at each grade level, the children of immigrant parents who have had less exposure to the US were more likely to experience early and sustained overweight throughout elementary and middle school, particularly among boys. High rates of overweight as early as kindergarten, combined with race/ethnic differences suggest that interventions should focus on pre-school children's environments.
许多研究关注儿童超重的模式、时间和社会经济特征，但由于缺乏具有足够大或多样化样本的纵向全国代表性数据，这些研究受到了限制。我们使用了具有全国代表性的美国幼儿园儿童样本——早期儿童纵向研究-幼儿园队列（ECLS-K），来确定从幼儿园到八年级体重增加的三种不同模式。最大的一组（男孩：59%，女孩：55%）的特点是体重一直正常，即 BMI 百分位值低于第 85 百分位。其余的孩子（男孩：41%，女孩：45%）要么属于一直超重/有超重风险的类别（男孩：27%，女孩：25%），要么逐渐超重/有超重风险（男孩：15%，女孩：20%）。我们发现一些证据表明，社会经济地位与儿童健康之间的关系可能因性别而异。在女孩中，父母收入低和教育程度低都是在幼儿园开始后逐渐超重的重要危险因素。父母的收入或收入变化与男孩在进入幼儿园后超重的风险无关；只有父母的教育程度有关。我们发现，尽管移民儿童在每个年级的超重/有超重风险的比例较高，但接触美国时间较少的移民父母的孩子更有可能在整个小学和中学阶段经历早期和持续的超重，尤其是男孩。早在幼儿园就出现高比例的超重现象，加上种族/民族差异，这表明干预措施应侧重于学龄前儿童的环境。
