Buzzard Paul J
New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), Department of Anthropology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
Primates. 2010 Oct;51(4):307-14. doi: 10.1007/s10329-010-0203-9. Epub 2010 Jun 10.
Polyspecific associations (PSA) are common in many African primate communities, including the diurnal primates at Taï Forest, Côte d'Ivoire. In this paper I use data on the PSA of two forest guenons, Campbell's (Cercopithecus campbelli) and lesser spot-nosed monkeys (C. petaurista), with Diana monkeys (C. diana) and other primates to clarify interspecific relationships during 17 months including a 3-month low-fruit period. I analyzed association in relation to fruit availability and measured forest strata use for C. campbelli and C. petaurista when alone and in associations with and without C. diana. I also measured predator risk and reactions to potential predators. C. campbelli and C. petaurista had high association rates with C. diana monkeys, and fruit availability did not influence association rates. C. campbelli and C. petaurista used higher strata when in association with C. diana than when alone, but they used even higher strata when associated with other primates without C. diana. This suggested that C. diana competitively exclude C. campbelli and C. petaurista from higher strata. There were relatively large numbers of potential predators, and C. diana were usually the first callers to threatening stimuli, suggesting that antipredator benefits of association with C. diana outweighed the competitive costs. C. campbelli spent more time in association with C. diana than C. petaurista did and appeared to be more reliant on C. diana for antipredator benefits. C. petaurista were less reliant on C. diana because of a cryptic strategy and may have associated less in some months because of high chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) presence.
多物种关联（PSA）在许多非洲灵长类动物群落中很常见，包括科特迪瓦伊塔伊森林中的昼行性灵长类动物。在本文中，我利用两种森林疣猴——坎贝尔疣猴（Cercopithecus campbelli）和小白鼻长尾猴（C. petaurista）与戴安娜猴（C. diana）及其他灵长类动物的多物种关联数据，来阐明17个月期间（包括3个月的低果期）的种间关系。我分析了与果实可获得性相关的关联，并测量了坎贝尔疣猴和小白鼻长尾猴单独时以及与有或没有戴安娜猴一起时对森林层次的利用情况。我还测量了捕食风险以及对潜在捕食者的反应。坎贝尔疣猴和小白鼻长尾猴与戴安娜猴的关联率很高，果实可获得性并未影响关联率。与单独时相比，坎贝尔疣猴和小白鼻长尾猴与戴安娜猴在一起时会利用更高的层次，但当与没有戴安娜猴的其他灵长类动物在一起时，它们会利用更高的层次。这表明戴安娜猴在竞争中把坎贝尔疣猴和小白鼻长尾猴排除在更高层次之外。潜在捕食者数量相对较多，戴安娜猴通常是对威胁性刺激的第一呼叫者，这表明与戴安娜猴关联的抗捕食益处超过了竞争成本。坎贝尔疣猴与戴安娜猴在一起的时间比小白鼻长尾猴多，并且似乎在抗捕食益处方面更依赖戴安娜猴。小白鼻长尾猴由于一种隐秘策略而对戴安娜猴的依赖较小，并且在某些月份可能因为黑猩猩（Pan troglodytes）的高出现率而减少了关联。
