Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.
Protist. 2010 Oct;161(4):549-76. doi: 10.1016/j.protis.2010.04.002. Epub 2010 May 27.
Apusomonadida (Apusomonas; Amastigomonas) are understudied gliding zooflagellates. We divide Amastigomonas into five genera, three new: Podomonas; Manchomonas; Multimonas. Microscopy and 18S rDNA sequences establish three new marine species (Podomonas magna; P. capensis; Multimonas media) and a new cyst-forming non-marine species from the surface of ivy leaves (Thecamonas oxoniensis). We consider the soil and freshwater Amastigomonas debruynei, caudata, and borokensis generically distinct from marine Thecamonas. We establish the new combination Multimonas marina (formerly Cercomonas or Amastigomonas). We studied by DIC microscopy and 18S rDNA sequencing three strains microscopically indistinguishable from marine Thecamonas trahens and argue that marine strains of almost identical sequence and appearance (visible largely acronematic cilia) were previously misidentified as Am. debruynei. We argue that 'Amastigomonas sp.' ATCC50062, whose 18S rRNA was sequenced previously and whose complete genome is being sequenced, is T. trahens. We include electron micrographs of T. aff. trahens, P. capensis and magna; ultrastructural cytoskeletal differences between P. capensis, Thecamonas, and Manchomonas (=Amastigomonas) bermudensis comb. n. allow novel functional interpretations of apusomonad evolution. On 18S rDNA trees Apusomonas and Manchomonas form a robust clade (Apusomonadinae), but Thecomonas trahens, T. oxoniensis, Multimonas, and Podomonas all branch deeply but unstably. Apusomonadida and Planomonas are weakly sister to opisthokonts.
动体目（Apusomonadida；Amas tigomonas）是研究较少的滑行鞭毛虫。我们将 Amas tigomonas 分为五个属，其中三个是新属：Podomonas；Manchomonas；Multimonas。显微镜和 18S rDNA 序列确立了三个新的海洋物种（Podomonas magna；P. capensis；Multimonas media）和一个来自常春藤叶表面的新的形成胞囊的非海洋物种（Thecamonas oxoniensis）。我们认为土壤和淡水 Amas tigomonas debruynei、caudata 和 borokensis 与海洋的 Thecamonas 在属上是不同的。我们建立了新的组合 Multimonas marina（以前是 Cercomonas 或 Amas tigomonas）。我们通过 DIC 显微镜观察和 18S rDNA 测序研究了三个在显微镜下与海洋的 Thecamonas trahens 无法区分的菌株，并认为几乎相同序列和外观（可见的主要是端生纤毛）的海洋菌株以前被错误地鉴定为 Am. debruynei。我们认为' Amas tigomonas sp.' ATCC50062，其 18S rRNA 以前已被测序，其完整基因组正在测序，是 T. trahens。我们包括了 T. aff. trahens、P. capensis 和 magna 的电子显微镜照片；P. capensis、Thecamonas 和 Manchomonas（= Amas tigomonas）bermudensis comb. n.之间的超微结构细胞骨架差异允许对动体鞭毛虫进化进行新的功能解释。在 18S rDNA 树上，Apusomonas 和 Manchomonas 形成一个稳健的分支（Apusomonadinae），但 Thecomonas trahens、T. oxoniensis、Multimonas 和 Podomonas 都分支很深但不稳定。动体鞭毛虫和 Planomonas 与后生动物的关系较弱。
