Whyatt Robin M, Camann David E, Kinney Patrick L, Reyes Andria, Ramirez Judy, Dietrich Jessica, Diaz Diurka, Holmes Darrell, Perera Frederica P
Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
Environ Health Perspect. 2002 May;110(5):507-14. doi: 10.1289/ehp.02110507.
Residential pesticide use is widespread in the United States. However, data are limited specific to use among minority populations. Nor are data available on the extent of pesticide exposure resulting from residential use during pregnancy. We have gathered questionnaire data on pesticide use in the home during pregnancy from 316 African-American and Dominican women residing in northern Manhattan and the South Bronx. Additionally, 72 women underwent personal air monitoring for 48 hr during their third trimester of pregnancy to determine exposure levels to 21 pesticides (19 insecticides and 2 fungicides). Of the women questioned, 266 of 314 (85%) reported that pest control measures were used in the home during pregnancy; 111 of 314 (35%) reported that their homes were sprayed by an exterminator, and of those, 45% said the spraying was done more than once per month. Most (>or= 90%) of the pesticide was used for cockroach control. Use of pest control measures increased significantly with the level of housing disrepair reported. Of the women monitored, all (100%) had detectable levels of three insecticides: the organophosphates diazinon (range, 2.0-6,010 ng/m3) and chlorpyrifos (range, 0.7-193 ng/m3) and the carbamate propoxur (range, 3.8-1,380 ng/m3), as well as the fungicide o-phenylphenol (range, 5.7-743 ng/m3). We also frequently detected the following four insecticides (47-83% of samples) but at lower concentrations: the pyrethroid trans-permethrin, piperonyl butoxide (an indicator of exposure to pyrethrins), and the organochlorines 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane and chlordane. Thirty percent of the women had detectable levels of all eight pesticides. Exposures were generally higher among African Americans than among Dominicans. We detected other pesticides in <or= 10% of samples. Results show widespread prenatal pesticide use among minority women in this cohort. Diazinon exposures for some women may have exceeded health-based levels, and our findings support recent federal action to phase out residential use of this insecticide.
在美国，住宅使用杀虫剂的情况很普遍。然而，针对少数族裔人群使用杀虫剂的具体数据有限。关于孕期住宅使用杀虫剂导致的接触程度的数据也不可得。我们收集了居住在曼哈顿北部和南布朗克斯的316名非裔美国人和多米尼加妇女孕期在家中使用杀虫剂的问卷调查数据。此外，72名妇女在孕期第三个月接受了48小时的个人空气监测，以确定她们对21种杀虫剂（19种杀虫剂和2种杀菌剂）的接触水平。在接受询问的妇女中，314名中的266名（85%）报告在孕期家中采取了虫害控制措施；314名中的111名（35%）报告其家中由灭虫人员进行过喷洒，其中45%的人表示每月喷洒不止一次。大多数（≥90%）杀虫剂用于控制蟑螂。虫害控制措施的使用随着报告的房屋失修程度增加而显著增加。在接受监测的妇女中，所有人（100%）都检测到三种杀虫剂的可检测水平：有机磷酸酯类的二嗪农（范围为2.0 - 6,010纳克/立方米）和毒死蜱（范围为0.7 - 193纳克/立方米）、氨基甲酸酯类的残杀威（范围为3.8 - 1,380纳克/立方米），以及杀菌剂邻苯基苯酚（范围为5.7 - 743纳克/立方米）。我们还经常检测到以下四种杀虫剂（47 - 83%的样本），但浓度较低：拟除虫菊酯反式氯菊酯、增效醚（一种接触除虫菊酯的指标），以及有机氯类的1,1,1 - 三氯 - 2,2 - 双（对氯苯基）乙烷和氯丹。30%的妇女检测到所有八种杀虫剂的可检测水平。非裔美国人中的接触情况总体上高于多米尼加人。我们在≤10%的样本中检测到其他杀虫剂。结果表明该队列中的少数族裔妇女孕期普遍使用杀虫剂。一些妇女的二嗪农接触量可能超过了基于健康的水平，我们的研究结果支持了最近联邦政府逐步淘汰住宅使用这种杀虫剂的行动。
