Unilever Oral Care, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral, UK.
J Dent. 2010;38 Suppl 2:e17-24. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2010.05.017. Epub 2010 May 24.
To review and summarise the whitening agents contained within tooth whitening toothpaste formulations, their mode of action in tooth whitening, and the in vitro and clinical methods used to evaluate and demonstrate their efficacy.
Original scientific full papers or reviews listed in ISI Web of Science and Medline were included in this review using the search terms white*, toothpaste and dentifrice.
Due to the reported consumer and patient dissatisfaction with their perceived tooth color, toothpaste manufacturers have responded by developing a vast array of contemporary whitening toothpastes. One of the key functional ingredients in whitening toothpastes is the abrasive system. In general, these have been designed to give effective removal of extrinsic stains and help prevent tooth stains from reforming without undue abrasivity towards the dental hard tissues. Whitening toothpastes may contain additional agents that augment the abrasive cleaning by aiding the removal and/or prevention of extrinsic stains, for examples, peroxide, enzymes, citrate, pyrophosphate and hexametaphosphate, or optical agents such as blue covarine which can improve tooth whiteness following tooth brushing. In vitro methods used to evaluate tooth whitening efficacy typically determine the ability of a toothpaste formulation to remove/prevent model extrinsic stains on substrates such as enamel or hydroxyapatite or changes in the intrinsic color of tooth specimens. Clinical protocols for evaluating the efficacy of whitening toothpastes typically determine either stain removal or prevention, where changes in natural stain or chlorhexidine/tea induced stain are measured typically over 2-6 weeks. In some clinical studies the overall tooth color change was measured using techniques such as Vita shade guides, colorimeters and image analysis of digital photographs of teeth.
综述美白牙膏配方中所含的美白剂、其在牙齿美白中的作用机制，以及用于评估和证明其功效的体外和临床方法。
使用“white*”、“toothpaste”和“dentifrice”等检索词，在 ISI Web of Science 和 Medline 中检索并纳入本综述的原始科学全文或综述文章。
由于消费者和患者对其牙齿颜色的感知不满意，牙膏制造商通过开发大量现代美白牙膏做出了回应。美白牙膏的关键功能成分之一是磨料系统。一般来说，这些系统旨在有效去除外源性污渍，并有助于防止牙齿污渍重新形成，而不会对牙体硬组织造成过度磨损。美白牙膏可能含有其他一些添加剂，这些添加剂可以通过辅助去除和/或预防外源性污渍来增强磨料清洁效果，例如过氧化物、酶、柠檬酸盐、焦磷酸盐和六偏磷酸盐，或者光学剂如蓝色 covarine，可在刷牙后改善牙齿的洁白度。用于评估牙齿美白效果的体外方法通常用于确定牙膏配方去除/预防模型外源性污渍的能力，例如在釉质或羟磷灰石等基质上或牙齿标本内源性颜色变化。评估美白牙膏功效的临床方案通常确定去污或预防效果，其中测量自然污渍或洗必泰/茶引起的污渍的变化，通常在 2-6 周内进行。在一些临床研究中，使用 Vita 比色板、比色计和牙齿数字照片的图像分析等技术来测量整体牙齿颜色变化。
