Program in the History of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Public Health Rep. 2010 Apr;125 Suppl 3(Suppl 3):27-36. doi: 10.1177/00333549101250S306.
The influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 dramatically altered biomedical knowledge of the disease. At its onset, the foundation of scientific knowledge was information collected during the previous major pandemic of 1889-1890. The work of Otto Leichtenstern, first published in 1896, described the major epidemiological and pathological features of pandemic influenza and was cited extensively over the next two decades. Richard Pfeiffer announced in 1892 and 1893 that he had discovered influenza's cause. Pfeiffer's bacillus (Bacillus influenzae) was a major focus of attention and some controversy between 1892 and 1920. The role this organism or these organisms played in influenza dominated medical discussion during the great pandemic. Many vaccines were developed and used during the 1918-1919 pandemic. The medical literature was full of contradictory claims of their success; there was apparently no consensus on how to judge the reported results of these vaccine trials. The result of the vaccine controversy was both a further waning of confidence in Pfeiffer's bacillus as the agent of influenza and the emergence of an early set of criteria for valid vaccine trials.
1918-1919 年的流感大流行极大地改变了人们对这种疾病的医学专业知识。在流感大流行开始时，科学知识的基础是在 1889-1890 年之前的大流行期间收集的信息。奥托·莱兴斯特恩（Otto Leichtenstern）的著作于 1896 年首次出版，描述了大流行性流感的主要流行病学和病理学特征，并在接下来的二十年中被广泛引用。理查德·菲佛（Richard Pfeiffer）于 1892 年和 1893 年宣布他发现了流感的病因。菲佛氏杆菌（Bacillus influenzae）在 1892 年至 1920 年期间成为关注的焦点，并引起了一些争议。该生物体或这些生物体在流感大流行期间在医学讨论中占据主导地位。在 1918-1919 年的流感大流行期间，开发并使用了许多疫苗。医学文献充斥着对其成功的相互矛盾的说法；显然，对于如何判断这些疫苗试验的报告结果，没有达成共识。疫苗争议的结果是，人们对 Pfeiffer 氏杆菌作为流感病原体的信心进一步减弱，同时也出现了一套早期的有效疫苗试验标准。
