Clinic for Child & Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
Behav Brain Funct. 2010 Jul 15;6:45. doi: 10.1186/1744-9081-6-45.
Expressed Emotions (EE) are associated with oppositional behavior (OPB) in children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). EE has been linked to altered stress responses in some disorders, but ADHD has not been studied. We test the hypothesis that OPB in ADHD is mediated by altered stress-related cortisol reactivity to EE.
Two groups of children (with/without ADHD) and their respective parents were randomly assigned to two different conditions with/without negative emotion and participated in an emotion provocation task. Parents' EE, their ratings of their children's OPB and their children's salivary cortisol levels were measured.
Low parental warmth was associated with OPB in ADHD. High levels of parental EE elicited a larger cortisol response. Stress-related cortisol reactivity mediated the EE-OPB link for all children. This highlights the general importance of parent-child interactions on externalizing behavior problems.
High EE is a salient stressor for ADHD children that leads to increased levels of cortisol and OPB. The development of OPB might be mediated by the stress-response to high EE.
情绪表达（EE）与注意力缺陷/多动障碍（ADHD）儿童的对立行为（OPB）有关。EE 与某些疾病的应激反应改变有关，但 ADHD 尚未被研究过。我们假设 ADHD 中的 OPB 是由对 EE 的应激相关皮质醇反应改变介导的。
两组儿童（ADHD 组和非 ADHD 组）及其各自的父母被随机分配到有无负性情绪的两种不同条件下，并参与了情绪激发任务。测量了父母的 EE、他们对孩子 OPB 的评分以及他们的唾液皮质醇水平。
父母的低温暖与 ADHD 中的 OPB 有关。高水平的父母 EE 引起更大的皮质醇反应。应激相关皮质醇反应介导了所有儿童的 EE-OPB 联系。这强调了亲子互动对外部行为问题的普遍重要性。
高 EE 是 ADHD 儿童的一个显著应激源，导致皮质醇和 OPB 水平升高。OPB 的发展可能是由对高 EE 的应激反应介导的。
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