Department of Neonatology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
Neonatology. 2011;99(2):83-9. doi: 10.1159/000308367. Epub 2010 Jul 17.
Ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale were described by Galen without understanding their functions. His beliefs in soul localization and spiritization within the left ventricle established religious pneumatology which became a theological need in the Middle Ages. Pulmonary transit was recognized by Servetus and Colombo after the Reformation around 1550. This prompted Harvey's full understanding of the fetal circulation. Botallo did not describe the ductus arteriosus, but in 1564 redescribed the foramen ovale, making his way into the nomina anatomica by mistake. Most authors of the 19th and 20th century believed ductal patency to be passive, and postnatal closure to be an active process, explained by mechanical theories. After the discovery of prostaglandins by Bergstrom and Vane, Coceani proved that ductal patency is maintained by the relaxant action of prostaglandins.
动脉导管和卵圆孔由盖伦描述，但他并不了解其功能。他认为左心室中有灵魂定位和精神化现象，这一观点确立了宗教肺循环学说，成为中世纪的神学需要。16 世纪宗教改革后，塞尔维特和哥伦布认识到了肺循环。这促使哈维充分理解了胎儿循环。博塔罗洛没有描述动脉导管，但在 1564 年重新描述了卵圆孔，错误地将其命名为解剖学术语。19 世纪和 20 世纪的大多数作者认为，动脉导管的开放是被动的，而出生后的关闭是一个主动的过程，这可以用机械理论来解释。在伯格斯特罗姆和范发现前列腺素后，科切亚尼证明了前列腺素的舒张作用维持了动脉导管的开放。
