Leońska-Duniec Agata, Adamska Małgorzata
Katedra Genetyki, Uniwersytet Szczeciński, Al. Piastów 40B, 71-065 Szczecin.
Wiad Parazytol. 2010;56(2):125-32.
Cryptosporidium, Giardia intestinalis, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Isosopra belli and micropsoridia are the most important and common pathogens found in humans and many other species of vertebrates. In humans, mainly in immunocompromised patients, children, pregnant women and elderly people, they are the most frequently identified protozoan parasites causing gastrointestinal disease worldwide. These pathogens have several transmission routes, including anthroponotic and zoonotic transmission. What is more, in many cases of epidemics caused by mentioned pathogens the major cause of infection was contaminated with these organisms water and food. In spite of many existing regulations of clearing and making use of drinking water supplies and recreational water, cosmopolitan protozoan parasites are still the danger of public health. These organisms are responsible for many waterborne outbreaks worldwide. Light microscopy and immunofluorescence assay have been used to identify these organisms in most laboratories. However, these traditional techniques have major limitations in the specific diagnosis, these methods are not sensitive enough to detect cysts or oocysts in environmental samples, so the new molecular tools must be applied. Recently, PCR-based techniques have been developed for detection and genetic characterization of the different species and population variants of protozoan parasites is central to the prevention, surveillance and control of gastrointestinal diseases. In this review were characterized biology, epidemiology and the progress in technology for detection and surveillance of the most important waterborne protozoan parasites.
隐孢子虫、贾第鞭毛虫、环孢子虫、贝氏等孢球虫和微孢子虫是在人类和许多其他脊椎动物物种中发现的最重要且常见的病原体。在人类中，主要是免疫功能低下的患者、儿童、孕妇和老年人，它们是全球范围内最常被鉴定出的引起胃肠道疾病的原生动物寄生虫。这些病原体有多种传播途径，包括人传人传播和人畜共患病传播。此外，在许多由上述病原体引起的疫情中，感染的主要原因是水和食物被这些生物体污染。尽管现有许多关于饮用水供应和娱乐用水净化及使用的规定，但世界性的原生动物寄生虫仍然对公共卫生构成威胁。这些生物体在全球范围内导致了许多水源性疾病的爆发。在大多数实验室中，光学显微镜和免疫荧光检测已被用于鉴定这些生物体。然而，这些传统技术在特异性诊断方面有很大局限性，这些方法对检测环境样本中的囊肿或卵囊不够敏感，因此必须应用新的分子工具。最近，基于聚合酶链反应（PCR）的技术已被开发用于原生动物寄生虫不同物种和群体变体的检测及基因特征分析，这对于胃肠道疾病的预防、监测和控制至关重要。在这篇综述中，对最重要的水源性原生动物寄生虫的生物学、流行病学以及检测和监测技术的进展进行了描述。
