Feeney Miranda C, Roberts William A, Sherry David F
Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C2 Canada.
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 2011 Jan;37(1):30-40. doi: 10.1037/a0019908.
In 2 experiments we investigated the cognitive abilities of wild-caught black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) in future anticipation tasks. Chickadees were sensitive to anticipatory contrast effects over time horizons of 5, 10, and 30 min (Experiment 1). Chickadees also learned the order of events and anticipated that the quality of future foraging outcomes was contingent on current foraging choices. This behavior was demonstrated while foraging in a naturalistic aviary environment with a 30-min delay between the initial choice and the future outcome (Experiment 2). These results support the hypothesis that black-capped chickadees can cognitively travel in time both retrospectively and prospectively using episodic memory. This result shows the occurrence of anticipatory cognition in a noncorvid species of food-storing bird and supports the idea that cognitive time travel may have evolved in nonhuman animals in response to specific ecological selection pressures.
在两项实验中，我们研究了野生捕获的黑顶山雀（Poecile atricapillus）在未来预期任务中的认知能力。山雀在5分钟、10分钟和30分钟的时间跨度内对预期对比效应敏感（实验1）。山雀还学会了事件的顺序，并预期未来觅食结果的质量取决于当前的觅食选择。在自然主义的鸟舍环境中觅食时，这种行为得到了证明，从最初选择到未来结果之间有30分钟的延迟（实验2）。这些结果支持了这样的假设，即黑顶山雀可以利用情景记忆在时间上进行回顾性和前瞻性的认知旅行。这一结果表明在一种非鸦科的储食鸟类中出现了预期认知，并支持了认知时间旅行可能在非人类动物中因特定的生态选择压力而进化的观点。
