Research Service (151JC), St. Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 915 North Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63106, USA.
J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2010 Sep;71(5):664-73. doi: 10.15288/jsad.2010.71.664.
It is not known if parental psychiatric disorders have an independent effect on offspring smoking after controlling for genetic and environmental vulnerability to nicotine dependence. We tested if parental alcohol, drug, or conduct disorders; antisocial personality disorder; depression; and anxiety disorders remained significant predictors of offspring smoking initiation, regular smoking, and nicotine dependence before and after adjusting for genetic and environmental risk for nicotine dependence.
Data were obtained via semi-structured interviews with 1,107 twin fathers, 1,919 offspring between the ages of 12 and 32, and 1,023 mothers. Genetic and environmental liability for smoking outcomes was defined by paternal and maternal nicotine dependence. Multinomial logistic regression models were computed to estimate the risk for offspring trying cigarettes, regular smoking, and the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) as a function of parental psychopathology and sociodemographics before and after adjusting for genetic and environmental vulnerability to nicotine dependence.
Before adjusting for genetic and environmental risk for nicotine dependence, ever trying cigarettes was associated with maternal depression, regular smoking was associated with maternal alcohol dependence and maternal conduct disorder, and FTND was associated with paternal and maternal conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder. No parental psychopathology remained significantly associated with regular smoking and FTND after adjusting for genetic and environmental vulnerability to nicotine dependence in a multivariate model.
The association between parental psychopathology and offspring smoking outcomes is partly explained by genetic and environmental risk for nicotine dependence. Point estimates suggest a trend for an association between parental antisocial personality disorder and offspring regular smoking and nicotine dependence after adjusting for genetic and environmental vulnerability. Studies in larger samples are warranted.
在控制遗传和环境对尼古丁依赖的易感性后，父母的精神障碍是否对子女吸烟有独立影响尚不清楚。我们检验了父母的酒精、药物或行为障碍；反社会人格障碍；抑郁症；以及焦虑症在调整遗传和环境对尼古丁依赖的风险后，是否仍然是子女吸烟开始、经常吸烟和尼古丁依赖的重要预测因素。
通过对 1107 名双胞胎父亲、1919 名 12 至 32 岁的子女和 1023 名母亲进行半结构化访谈获得数据。吸烟结果的遗传和环境易感性由父亲和母亲的尼古丁依赖定义。使用多项逻辑回归模型来估计子女尝试吸烟、经常吸烟以及尼古丁依赖 Fagerström 测试（FTND）的风险，其功能是根据父母的精神病理学和社会人口统计学，在调整遗传和环境对尼古丁依赖的脆弱性之前和之后进行。
在调整遗传和环境对尼古丁依赖的风险之前，尝试吸烟与母亲的抑郁症有关，经常吸烟与母亲的酒精依赖和母亲的行为障碍有关，FTND 与父亲和母亲的行为障碍和反社会人格障碍有关。在多变量模型中，调整遗传和环境对尼古丁依赖的脆弱性后，没有父母的精神病理学与经常吸烟和 FTND 仍然显著相关。
父母的精神病理学与子女吸烟结果之间的关联部分归因于遗传和环境对尼古丁依赖的风险。在调整遗传和环境对尼古丁依赖的脆弱性后，父母反社会人格障碍与子女经常吸烟和尼古丁依赖之间存在关联的趋势。需要在更大的样本中进行研究。
