Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
Acta Vet Scand. 2010 Aug 31;52(1):51. doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-52-51.
Suckling can be a peaceful or vulnerable event for goats and kids, whereas, separation is suggested as stressful. The aim of this study was to investigate physiology and behaviour in these two different situations in dairy goats.
Four studies were performed with seven goats kept with their first-born kid in individual boxes. The goats were videotaped and heart rate and arterial blood pressure were recorded every minute by telemetry from parturition until 24 hours after separation. One to two days after parturition, Study 1 was performed with analyses of heart rate and blood pressure around a suckling. In Study 2, performed 3-5 days after parturition, blood sampling was done before, during and after suckling. Study 3 was performed 4-6 days post partum, with blood sampling before and after a permanent goat and kid separation. In addition, vocalisations were recorded after separation. Blood samples were obtained from a jugular vein catheter and analysed for plasma cortisol, β-endorphin, oxytocin, and vasopressin concentrations. Study 4 was performed during the first (N1) and second nights (N2) after parturition and the nights after Study 2 (N3) and 3 (N4). Heart rate, blood pressure and time spent lying down were recorded.
The kids suckled 2 ± 0.2 times per hour and each suckling bout lasted 43 ± 15 s. In Study 1, heart rate and blood pressure did not change significantly during undisturbed suckling. In Study 2, plasma cortisol (P ≤ 0.05 during suckling and P ≤ 0.01 five minutes after suckling) and β-endorphin (P ≤ 0.05) concentrations increased during suckling, but oxytocin and vasopressin concentrations did not change. In Study 3, the goats and kids vocalised intensively during the first 20 minutes after separation, but the physiological variables were not affected. In Study 4, heart rate and arterial blood pressure declined gradually after parturition and were lowest during N4 (P ≤ 0.05) when the goats spent longer time lying down than during earlier nights (P ≤ 0.01 during N1 and N3 and P ≤ 0.05 during N2).
Suckling elevated plasma cortisol and β-endorphin concentrations in the goats. The intensive vocalisation in the goats after separation, earlier suggested to indicate stress, was not accompanied by cardiovascular or endocrine responses.
对于山羊和小羊来说，哺乳既可以是平静的，也可以是脆弱的事件，而分离则被认为是有压力的。本研究的目的是研究哺乳期山羊在这两种不同情况下的生理和行为。
对 7 只与第一胎小羊一起饲养在单独箱子里的山羊进行了 4 项研究。通过遥测术从分娩开始，每 1 分钟记录山羊的心率和动脉血压，直到分离后 24 小时。分娩后 1 到 2 天，进行了第 1 项研究，分析了哺乳时的心率和血压。在第 2 项研究中，在分娩后 3-5 天进行了血液取样，在哺乳前、中、后进行了血液取样。第 3 项研究是在分娩后 4-6 天进行的，在山羊和小羊永久性分离前和分离后进行了血液取样。此外，分离后还记录了发声。从颈静脉导管中获取血液样本，并分析血浆皮质醇、β-内啡肽、催产素和血管加压素浓度。第 4 项研究是在分娩后的第一（N1）和第二（N2）个晚上以及第 2 项研究后的第 3（N3）和第 4 个晚上（N4）进行的。记录心率、血压和躺下时间。
小羊每小时吸吮 2±0.2 次，每次吸吮持续 43±15 秒。在第 1 项研究中，在不受干扰的哺乳过程中，心率和血压没有显著变化。在第 2 项研究中，在哺乳期间（哺乳后 5 分钟皮质醇浓度≤0.05，β-内啡肽浓度≤0.05），血浆皮质醇（哺乳时≤0.05，哺乳后 5 分钟皮质醇浓度≤0.01）和β-内啡肽（哺乳时≤0.05）浓度在哺乳期间增加，但催产素和血管加压素浓度没有变化。在第 3 项研究中，山羊和小羊在分离后的头 20 分钟内强烈发声，但生理变量没有受到影响。在第 4 项研究中，山羊的心率和动脉血压在分娩后逐渐下降，在 N4 时最低（P≤0.05），此时山羊的躺卧时间比前几个晚上长（P≤0.01，在 N1 和 N3 时，P≤0.05，在 N2 时）。
哺乳会提高山羊的血浆皮质醇和β-内啡肽浓度。山羊在分离后强烈发声，先前被认为是压力的表现，但没有伴随着心血管或内分泌反应。
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