接触狗会对怀孕和哺乳期的山羊产生不同的心血管和行为影响。
Exposure to a dog elicits different cardiovascular and behavioral effects in pregnant and lactating goats.
机构信息
Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7011, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
出版信息
Acta Vet Scand. 2011 Nov 16;53(1):60. doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-53-60.
BACKGROUND
Heart rate and plasma cortisol concentration are often used in evaluation of physiological reactions to stress and fear, but arterial blood pressure is rarely measured in farm animals. Goats are prey animals and can be expected to react strongly to a predator, especially when they have kids. We hypothesized that exposure to a dog elicits a flight response during pregnancy and a fight response when goats have kids to defend. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate should increase in both these cases, due to a synchronized discharge of the sympathetic nervous system.
METHODS
Seven goats were exposed to a dog for 15 minutes at 12 ± 3 days before, and again at 10 ± 1 days after, parturition. Arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and activity were registered by telemetry. Behavioral data were collected during 5 minute sessions, followed by blood samples obtained via intrajugular catheters. Plasma cortisol concentration was analyzed by radioimmunoassay.
RESULTS
At the appearance of the dog, the mean arterial blood pressure of the goats increased from 90 ± 8 to 111 ± 8 mmHg (p < 0.001) during pregnancy and from 96 ± 8 to 108 ± 8 mmHg during lactation (p < 0.001). Heart rate did not change at dog exposure during lactation, but increased from 117 ± 6 to 126 ± 10 beats/min (p < 0.01) during pregnancy. Dog exposure resulted in plasma cortisol concentration increasing from 17 ± 1 to 43 ± 7 nmol/l (p < 0.01) during pregnancy and from 21 ± 1 to 49 ± 6 nmol/l (p < 0.01) during lactation. In response to the dog, goats vocalized at a higher frequency and started to ruminate later during lactation compared to pregnancy.
CONCLUSIONS
When goats were exposed to a dog during pregnancy, their heart rate, blood pressure, and plasma cortisol increased, in contrast to lactation when only their blood pressure and plasma cortisol increased. However, when they were lactating, goats vocalized more and started to ruminate later compared to when they were pregnant.
背景
心率和血浆皮质醇浓度常用于评估应激和恐惧的生理反应，但在农场动物中很少测量动脉血压。山羊是猎物动物，当它们有孩子时，它们可能会对捕食者做出强烈反应。我们假设，当山羊怀孕时，暴露在狗面前会引起逃避反应，当它们有孩子时，会引起防御反应。在这两种情况下，由于交感神经系统的同步放电，动脉血压和心率应该增加。
方法
在分娩前 12 ± 3 天和分娩后 10 ± 1 天，将 7 只山羊暴露于狗 15 分钟。通过遥测法记录动脉血压、心率和活动。在 5 分钟的时间段内收集行为数据，然后通过颈内导管采集血样。用放射免疫法分析血浆皮质醇浓度。
结果
当狗出现时，怀孕山羊的平均动脉血压从 90 ± 8 增加到 111 ± 8 mmHg（p < 0.001），而在哺乳期从 96 ± 8 增加到 108 ± 8 mmHg（p < 0.001）。在哺乳期，狗的出现并没有导致心率发生变化，但在怀孕期间，心率从 117 ± 6 增加到 126 ± 10 次/分钟（p < 0.01）。狗的出现导致怀孕时血浆皮质醇浓度从 17 ± 1 增加到 43 ± 7 nmol/l（p < 0.01），从 21 ± 1 增加到 49 ± 6 nmol/l（p < 0.01）。与怀孕相比，当狗出现时，哺乳期山羊的发声频率更高，开始反刍的时间更晚。
结论
当山羊怀孕时，它们的心率、血压和血浆皮质醇增加，而在哺乳期，只有血压和血浆皮质醇增加。然而，当它们处于哺乳期时，与怀孕时相比，它们发声更多，开始反刍的时间更晚。
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