Univ. of Bonn, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Soil Science, Nussallee 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
J Environ Qual. 2010 Jul-Aug;39(4):1201-10. doi: 10.2134/jeq2009.0105.
The irrigation or agricultural land with wastewater is increasingly practiced in many parts of the world as a consequence of growing populations and urbanization. The risks emerging from pharmaceuticals that are contained in wastewater for soils and groundwater have hardly been investigated. We studied leaching and effects of naproxen, ibuprofen, bezafibrate, diclofenac, gemfibrocil, clarithromycin, trimethoprim, clindamycin, erythromycin, and metoprolol in a soil column experiment simulating an irrigation event with 8.6 cm of wastewater containing 20 microg L(-1) or 2000 microg L(-1) of each compound or of erythromycin alone. The leached fraction of applied pharmaceuticals ranged from 0.1 +/- 0.1% (clarithromycin, 2000 microg L(-1)) to 130 +/- 41% (naproxen, 20 microg L(-1)) and tended to increase with decreasing K(d) or K(oc). Naproxen transport was similar to that of the tracer chloride. Ibuprofen was also hardly retarded (R = 1.20 +/- 0.18), but showed a higher degradation rate of 0.02 +/- 0.004 h(-1) (2000 microg L(-1)) than naproxen. The transport of a pulse of 2000 microg L(-1) of bezafibrate could be described with a retardation factor of 1.5 and a degradation rate of 0.033 h(-1). The application of erythromycin alone or of a cocktail of all pharmaceuticals significantly increased soil CO2 emissions by 50% 1 d after the application. There is a considerable risk that pharmaceuticals are leached to groundwater during wastewater irrigation.
受人口增长和城市化的影响，世界上许多地区越来越多地采用废水灌溉或农用土地。然而，废水中所含的药物对土壤和地下水所带来的风险还没有得到充分的研究。我们通过一个土柱实验模拟了灌溉事件，用含有 20μg/L 或 2000μg/L 各化合物或单独的红霉素的 8.6 厘米废水进行淋滤和研究。所应用药物的淋滤部分的范围从 0.1±0.1%（克拉霉素，2000μg/L）到 130±41%（萘普生，20μg/L），且随着分配系数 Kd 或辛醇-水分配系数 Koc 的降低而趋于增加。萘普生的迁移类似于示踪剂氯的迁移。布洛芬也几乎没有被阻滞（R=1.20±0.18），但降解率较高，为 0.02±0.004 h-1（2000μg/L），高于萘普生。2000μg/L 剂量的 bezafibrate 脉冲的传输可以用阻滞系数 1.5 和降解率 0.033 h-1 来描述。单独应用红霉素或应用所有药物的混合物会在施用后 1 天显著增加土壤 CO2 排放 50%。在废水灌溉期间，药物很有可能会淋滤到地下水中。
