Center for Systems and Computational Biology, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Nucleic Acids Res. 2011 Jan;39(1):190-201. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkq775. Epub 2010 Sep 14.
Alternative promoters that are differentially used in various cellular contexts and tissue types add to the transcriptional complexity in mammalian genome. Identification of alternative promoters and the annotation of their activity in different tissues is one of the major challenges in understanding the transcriptional regulation of the mammalian genes and their isoforms. To determine the use of alternative promoters in different tissues, we performed ChIP-seq experiments using antibody against RNA Pol-II, in five adult mouse tissues (brain, liver, lung, spleen and kidney). Our analysis identified 38 639 Pol-II promoters, including 12 270 novel promoters, for both protein coding and non-coding mouse genes. Of these, 6384 promoters are tissue specific which are CpG poor and we find that only 34% of the novel promoters are located in CpG-rich regions, suggesting that novel promoters are mostly tissue specific. By identifying the Pol-II bound promoter(s) of each annotated gene in a given tissue, we found that 37% of the protein coding genes use alternative promoters in the five mouse tissues. The promoter annotations and ChIP-seq data presented here will aid ongoing efforts of characterizing gene regulatory regions in mammalian genomes.
在不同的细胞环境和组织类型中差异使用的替代启动子增加了哺乳动物基因组的转录复杂性。鉴定替代启动子及其在不同组织中的活性注释是理解哺乳动物基因及其异构体转录调控的主要挑战之一。为了确定不同组织中替代启动子的使用情况,我们使用针对 RNA Pol-II 的抗体在五种成年小鼠组织(脑、肝、肺、脾和肾)中进行了 ChIP-seq 实验。我们的分析鉴定了 38639 个 Pol-II 启动子,包括 12270 个新的启动子,用于编码蛋白和非编码的小鼠基因。其中,6384 个启动子是组织特异性的,它们 CpG 含量低,我们发现只有 34%的新启动子位于富含 CpG 的区域,这表明新启动子主要是组织特异性的。通过鉴定给定组织中每个注释基因的 Pol-II 结合启动子,我们发现 37%的编码蛋白基因在这五种小鼠组织中使用替代启动子。这里提供的启动子注释和 ChIP-seq 数据将有助于当前对哺乳动物基因组中基因调控区域进行特征描述的工作。