School of Geosciences F09, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
J Environ Manage. 2011 Jan;92(1):1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.08.012. Epub 2010 Sep 19.
Desertification in Iran was recognized between the 1930s and 1960s. This paper traces Iran's attempts to reclaim desertified areas, evaluates the anti-desertification approaches adopted, and identifies continuing challenges. Iran has areas vulnerable to desertification due to extensive areas of drylands and increasing population pressure on land and water resources. Over-grazing of rangelands is a particular problem. Initially desertification was combated mainly at the local level and involved dune stabilization measures, especially the use of oil mulch, re-vegetation and windbreaks. Insufficient technical planning in the early years has led to changed approaches to plant densities and species diversity in plantations, and increased on-going management of existing plantations. Since the late 1980s forage and crop production has increased in areas where runoff control techniques are practiced. The social and economic aspects of anti-desertification programs have assisted in poverty reduction by providing off-season employment in rural areas. In 2004 a national plan to combat desertification was ratified and this placed an emphasis on community participation. Continuing challenges include managing existing desertified areas as well as taking into account potential future problems associated with rapidly depleting groundwater supplies and a predicted reduction in the plant growth period accompanying climate change.
伊朗的荒漠化问题是在 20 世纪 30 年代至 60 年代之间被认识到的。本文追溯了伊朗治理荒漠化地区的努力，评估了所采用的防治荒漠化方法，并指出了持续存在的挑战。由于伊朗干旱地区面积广，土地和水资源的人口压力不断增加，因此存在容易受到荒漠化影响的地区。过度放牧是一个特别的问题。最初，荒漠化的防治主要是在地方一级进行的，涉及沙丘稳定措施，特别是使用石油覆盖物、重新造林和防风林。早年技术规划不足，导致人工林的种植密度和物种多样性的方法发生了变化，并增加了对现有人工林的持续管理。自 20 世纪 80 年代末以来，在实施径流控制技术的地区，饲料和作物产量有所增加。防治荒漠化计划的社会和经济方面通过在农村地区提供淡季就业机会，有助于减少贫困。2004 年，伊朗批准了一项国家防治荒漠化计划，该计划强调了社区参与。持续的挑战包括管理现有的荒漠化地区，并考虑到与迅速枯竭的地下水资源以及气候变化伴随的植物生长期缩短相关的潜在未来问题。
