Associação de Estudos Costeiros e Marinhos-ECOMAR NGO, Rua Dr. José André da Cruz, 539, 45900-000, Caravelas, BA, Brazil.
Environ Manage. 2011 Apr;47(4):630-43. doi: 10.1007/s00267-010-9554-7. Epub 2010 Sep 24.
This article discusses the current problems and issues associated with the implementation of a National System of Marine Protected Areas in Brazil. MPA managers and higher governmental level authorities were interviewed about their perceptions of the implementation of a national MPA strategy and the recent changes in the institutional arrangement of government marine conservation agencies. Interviewees' narratives were generally pessimistic and the National System was perceived as weak, with few recognizable marine conservation outcomes on the ground. The following major flaws were identified: poor inter-institutional coordination of coastal and ocean governance; institutional crisis faced by the national government marine conservation agency; poor management within individual MPAs; problems with regional networks of marine protected areas; an overly bureaucratic management and administrative system; financial shortages creating structural problems and a disconnect between MPA policy and its delivery. Furthermore, a lack of professional motivation and a pessimistic atmosphere was encountered during many interviews, a malaise which we believe affects how the entire system is able to respond to crises. Our findings highlight the need for a better understanding of the role of 'leadership' in the performance of socio-ecological systems (such as MPA networks), more effective official evaluation mechanisms, more localized audits of (and reforms if necessary to) Brazil's federal biodiversity conservation agency (ICMBio), and the need for political measures to promote state leadership and support. Continuing to focus on the designation of more MPAs whilst not fully addressing these issues will achieve little beyond fulfilling, on paper, Brazil's international marine biodiversity commitments.
本文讨论了在巴西实施国家海洋保护区系统所面临的问题。对海洋保护区管理者和政府高层就其对国家海洋保护区战略的实施的看法，以及政府海洋保护机构最近的体制安排变化进行了采访。受访者的叙述普遍较为悲观，认为国家系统较为薄弱，在实地几乎没有明显的海洋保护成果。确定了以下主要缺陷：沿海和海洋治理机构间的协调不良；国家政府海洋保护机构面临的体制危机；个别海洋保护区内管理不善；海洋保护区区域网络存在问题；管理和行政系统过于官僚化；资金短缺造成结构问题以及海洋保护区政策与其实施之间脱节。此外，在许多采访中都遇到了缺乏专业动力和悲观气氛的问题，我们认为这种不良情绪会影响整个系统应对危机的能力。我们的研究结果强调需要更好地理解“领导力”在社会生态系统（如海洋保护区网络）中的作用，需要更有效的官方评估机制，对巴西联邦生物多样性保护机构（ICMBio）进行更本地化的审计（如有必要进行改革），并需要采取政治措施来促进国家领导力和支持。继续专注于指定更多的海洋保护区，而不充分解决这些问题，除了在纸面上履行巴西的国际海洋生物多样性承诺外，收效甚微。
