Department of Comparative Human Development, The University of Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Am J Primatol. 2011 Jun;73(6):516-29. doi: 10.1002/ajp.20882. Epub 2010 Sep 24.
Recent research conducted with nonhuman primates confirms that adaptive emotional processes, such as maternal attraction arousability and maternal anxiety arousability, enhance and sustain female motivation to interact with infants, invest in them, and protect them during the postpartum period. Changes in these emotional processes, and concomitant changes in maternal motivation, facilitate the reduction and eventual termination of maternal investment associated with infant weaning. Although laboratory studies of rodents and socially deprived rhesus monkeys have suggested that nulliparous females are neophobic and find infant stimuli aversive, recent primate research indicates that neophobia or aversion to infant stimuli do not occur in females with normal developmental experience. Furthermore, although some rodent and human studies have shown that lactation is accompanied by physiological hyporesponsiveness to stress, other studies of rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans indicate that mothers are highly vulnerable to stress and that stress-induced dysregulation of emotions can interfere with maternal motivation and parenting behavior. It is possible that some aspects of the emotional and experiential regulation of maternal motivation and parental behavior are different in different mammalian species. However, variation in the environments in which subjects are tested and in their developmental experience may also be responsible for the some discrepancies between the results of different studies.
最近对非人类灵长类动物进行的研究证实，适应性情绪过程，如母性吸引力激发和母性焦虑激发，增强并维持女性与婴儿互动、投资于婴儿并在产后期间保护婴儿的动机。这些情绪过程的变化以及随之而来的母性动机的变化，促进了与婴儿断奶相关的母性投资的减少和最终终止。尽管啮齿动物和社会剥夺的恒河猴的实验室研究表明，初产雌性具有回避新奇事物的倾向，并将婴儿刺激视为厌恶，但最近的灵长类动物研究表明，正常发育经历的雌性不会出现对婴儿刺激的回避或厌恶。此外，尽管一些啮齿动物和人类研究表明，哺乳期伴随着对压力的生理低反应性，但对啮齿动物、非人类灵长类动物和人类的其他研究表明，母亲对压力高度敏感，压力引起的情绪失调会干扰母性动机和育儿行为。母性动机和育儿行为的某些情绪和体验调节方面在不同的哺乳动物物种中可能不同。然而，测试对象所处的环境及其发育经历的变化也可能是不同研究结果之间存在差异的原因之一。
