Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
PLoS One. 2010 Sep 29;5(9):e13065. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013065.
Biological invasions are a major cause of global species change. Nevertheless, knowledge about the distribution and ecology of introduced species is regionally biased, and many gaps in knowledge exist for most developing countries.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: To study the zoobenthos on the hard substratum of the Ilha Grande Bay, a survey was conducted on both natural and artificial substrata at three depths and seven sites. The species recorded were classified as native, cryptogenic or introduced. Multivariate analyses were conducted to assess the prevalence of introduced species in these communities and to compare the distribution of species on natural and artificial substrata of this bay to identify possible discrepancies in habitat use. Of the 61 species, 25 were cryptogenic, 10 were introduced and 26 were native. Similar numbers of introduced species were found on both natural and artificial substrata, though the community composition was significantly different between them. We also compared the species composition of the Ilha Grande Bay survey to other inventories taken around the world. The highest similarities were found between the Ilha Grande Bay inventory and the Atlantic coastal region (Tampa Bay, USA and the Gulf of Mexico), American Samoa and Pearl Harbor (USA) inventories.
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This study presents the first published comprehensive list of hard substratum sessile marine invertebrate species in a Brazilian bay. The high percentage of cryptogenic species reveals gaps in both zoological records and information on introduced species for the Brazilian coast. The introduced species successfully colonized different sites in the Ilha Grande Bay, including both natural and artificial substrata. In addition, we find that artificial structures may not be good surrogates for natural rocky shores and may represent an ecological threat. Comparisons with other inventories suggest a history of broad-scale invasion, though more evidence is needed to support this conclusion.
生物入侵是全球物种变化的主要原因之一。然而，关于引入物种的分布和生态知识在区域上存在偏差，而且大多数发展中国家都存在知识空白。
方法/主要发现：为了研究格兰德岛海湾硬底质上的底栖动物，在三个深度和七个地点对天然和人工底质进行了调查。记录的物种被分为本地种、隐种或引入种。进行了多元分析，以评估这些群落中引入种的流行程度，并比较该海湾天然和人工底质上物种的分布，以确定可能存在的生境利用差异。在 61 种物种中，有 25 种隐种，10 种引入种和 26 种本地种。在天然和人工底质上都发现了相似数量的引入种，尽管它们的群落组成有显著差异。我们还将格兰德岛海湾的物种组成与世界各地的其他清查进行了比较。与格兰德岛海湾清查最相似的是大西洋沿海地区（美国坦帕湾和墨西哥湾）、美属萨摩亚和珍珠港（美国）的清查。
结论/意义：本研究首次提供了巴西海湾硬底质固着海洋无脊椎动物物种的综合清单。隐种的高比例表明，巴西沿海地区的动物区系记录和引入种信息都存在空白。引入种成功地在格兰德岛海湾的不同地点（包括天然和人工底质）上定殖。此外，我们发现人工结构可能不是天然岩石海岸的良好替代品，可能构成生态威胁。与其他清查的比较表明存在广泛的入侵历史，但需要更多的证据来支持这一结论。
