Detection of telomerase activity in high concentration of cell lysates using primer-modified gold nanoparticles.

Although the telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) has served as a powerful assay for detecting telomerase activity, its use has been significantly limited when performed directly in complex, interferant-laced samples. In this work, we report a modification of the TRAP assay that allows the detection of high-fidelity amplification of telomerase products directly from concentrated cell lysates. Briefly, we covalently attached 12 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to the telomere strand (TS) primer, which is used as a substrate for telomerase elongation. These TS-modified AuNPs significantly reduce polymerase chain reaction (PCR) artifacts (such as primer dimers) and improve the yield of amplified telomerase products relative to the traditional TRAP assay when amplification is performed in concentrated cell lysates. Specifically, because the TS-modified AuNPs eliminate most of the primer-dimer artifacts normally visible at the same position as the shortest amplified telomerase PCR product apparent on agarose gels, the AuNP-modified TRAP assay exhibits excellent sensitivity. Consequently, we observed a 10-fold increase in sensitivity for cancer cells diluted 1000-fold with somatic cells. It thus appears that the use of AuNP-modified primers significantly improves the sensitivity and specificity of the traditional TRAP assay and may be an effective method by which PCR can be performed directly in concentrated cell lysates.