Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Adv Virus Res. 2010;77:85-118. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-385034-8.00004-1.
Poliovirus is an error-prone enteric virus spread by the fecal-oral route and rarely invades the central nervous system (CNS). However, in the rare instances when poliovirus invades the CNS, the resulting damage to motor neurons is striking and often permanent. In the prevaccine era, it is likely that most individuals within an epidemic community were infected; however, only 0.5% of infected individuals developed paralytic poliomyelitis. Paralytic poliomyelitis terrified the public and initiated a huge research effort, which was rewarded with two outstanding vaccines. During research to develop the vaccines, many questions were asked: Why did certain people develop paralysis? How does the virus move from the gut to the CNS? What limits viral trafficking to the CNS in the vast majority of infected individuals? Despite over 100 years of poliovirus research, many of these questions remain unanswered. The goal of this chapter is to review our knowledge of how poliovirus moves within and between hosts, how host barriers limit viral movement, how viral population dynamics impact viral fitness and virulence, and to offer hypotheses to explain the rare incidence of paralytic poliovirus disease.
脊髓灰质炎病毒是一种易错的肠道病毒，通过粪-口途径传播，很少侵犯中枢神经系统（CNS）。然而，在脊髓灰质炎病毒罕见侵犯中枢神经系统的情况下，对运动神经元造成的损害是惊人的，而且往往是永久性的。在疫苗接种前时代，流行社区中的大多数人都可能被感染；然而，只有 0.5%的感染者发展为麻痹性脊髓灰质炎。麻痹性脊髓灰质炎使公众感到恐惧，并引发了巨大的研究努力，这一努力得到了两种杰出疫苗的回报。在开发疫苗的研究过程中，提出了许多问题：为什么有些人会瘫痪？病毒如何从肠道传播到中枢神经系统？在绝大多数感染个体中，是什么限制了病毒向中枢神经系统的传播？尽管对脊髓灰质炎病毒进行了 100 多年的研究，但仍有许多问题尚未得到解答。本章的目的是回顾我们对脊髓灰质炎病毒在宿主内部和宿主之间移动的方式、宿主屏障如何限制病毒的移动、病毒种群动态如何影响病毒的适应性和毒力的了解，并提出一些假设来解释麻痹性脊髓灰质炎疾病罕见发生的原因。
